* Copyright on the content of patents and in the context of patent prosecution

In the context of European and Australian patent law, the term " state of the art " is a concept used in the process of assessing and asserting novelty and inventive step, and is a synonym of the expression " prior art ".

In September 2006, Microsoft again published the WMF file format specification in the context of the Microsoft Open Specification Promise, promising to not assert patent rights to file format implementors.

Patent offices deal with prior art searches in the context of the patent granting procedure.

A comment by Ellsworth about the increased workload at the patent office, taken out of context and embellished, was apparently the source of an urban legend that a patent office official ( Charles H. Duell in some versions ) claimed that everything which could be invented had already been invented .< ref >

In some patent laws, the person skilled in the art is also used as a reference in the context of other criteria, for instance in order to determine whether an invention is sufficiently disclosed in the description of the patent or patent application ( sufficiency of disclosure is a fundamental requirement in most patent laws ), or in order to determine whether two technical means are equivalents when evaluating infringement ( see also doctrine of equivalents ).

Within the context of a national or multilateral body of law, an invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted a patent.

* Idea-expression divide A copyright law concept often raised in the patent context.

The Court also outlined how the doctrine should be used, noting that " what constitutes equivalency must be determined against the context of the patent, the prior art, and the particular circumstances of the case.

In this context, " originality " refers to " coming from someone as the originator / author " ( insofar as it somehow reflects the author's personality ), rather than " never having occurred or existed before " ( which would amount to the protection of something new, as in patent protection ).

Next, the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals ( CCPA ) reversed the Board's decision, saying that the patent only claimed the right to the equation in the limited context of the catalytic chemical conversion of hydrocarbons, so that the patent would not wholly pre-empt the use of the algorithm.

In the context of larger ethical discussions on moral action and judgment, Buddhism is characterized by the belief that negative ( unhappy ) consequences of our actions derive not from punishment or correction based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma, which functions like a natural law of cause and effect.

Arbitration, in the context of United States law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution — specifically, a legal alternative to litigation whereby the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective positions ( through agreement or hearing ) to a neutral third party ( the arbitrator ( s ) or arbiter ( s )) for resolution.

* Bar ( law ), in a legal context has three possible meanings: the division of a courtroom between its working and public areas ; the process of qualifying to practice law ; and the legal profession

In a social context, a convention may retain the character of an " unwritten " law of custom ( for example, the manner in which people greet each other, such as by shaking each other's hands ).

FT is not a “ law of nature ,” and the pattern is influenced by national context ( for example, human population density, stage of development, structure of the economy ), global economic forces, and government policies.

Some use the term dispute resolution to refer only to alternative dispute resolution ( ADR ), that is, extrajudicial processes such as arbitration, collaborative law, and mediation used to resolve conflict and potential conflict between and among individuals, business entities, governmental agencies, and ( in the public international law context ) states.

In a legal context, de jure is also translated as " concerning law ".

Additionally, several law schools host legal clinics that focus on environmental law, providing students with an opportunity to learn about environmental law in the context of real world disputes involving actual clients.

The term gaming in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically permitted by law.

Modern customs and institutions offer few useful parallels to the legal and social context which defined the gladiatoria munera Under law, anyone condemned to the arena or the gladiator schools ( ad ludum ) was a servus poenae under sentence of death unless manumitted.

It has been established by tradition over a hundred years ; and although in common with other British anthems, it has not been established as such by law, it has been used in the context of a national anthem at official governmental ceremonies including the opening of the Welsh Assembly and at receptions of the British monarchy.

Since international law exists in a legal environment without an overarching " sovereign " ( i. e., an external power able and willing to compel compliance with international norms ), " enforcement " of international law is very different than in the domestic context.

The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle advised that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the " particular " law of ones ' own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law ; Aristotle, moreover, considered two of the three candidates for a universally valid, natural law suggested in this passage to be wrong.

In this context, common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England.

In the context of electrochemistry, specifically in fuel cell engineering, various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the half reactions that comprise the fuel cell.

Diana G. Oblinger, writing specifically of the US context, has identified four broad reasons why educational institutions might embrace distance learning:

Other examples of late Biblical Hebrew include the qetAl pattern form nouns, which would have dated after an Aramaic influence, the frequent use of the relative sh (- ש ) alongside asher ( אשר ), the Ut ending ( ות -), the frequent use of the participle for the present ( which is later developed in Rabbinic Hebrew ), using the prefix conjugation in the future ( vs. the older preterite use ), and terms that appear to specifically fit a Persian / Hellenistic context ( e. g. Shallit ).

In this context, free-running sleep means that a person chooses to sleep when sleepy and to awaken spontaneously ( specifically without an alarm clock or reference to the time of day ).

Wells's earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context.

The term " metahuman " is used either to refer to humanity as a whole, including all races, or to refer specifically to non-human races, depending on context.

In this context the word systems is used to refer specifically to self-regulating systems, i. e. that are self-correcting through feedback.

It is a generalized term for something considered bad, not held to mean specifically wickedness or injustice in this context, but to mean calamity, or bad times, or disaster.

Although he was expected to embed the Project ’ s research within a wider theoretical context, it soon became apparent that the Project was primarily concerned with data collection to be used by administrators for establishing whether groups of listeners could be targeted by broadcasts specifically aimed at them.

Depending on the context, the unmodified " viola da braccio " most regularly denoted either an instrument from the violin family, or specifically the viola.

In this context, download implies specifically " receive and save " instead of simply " receive ".

" A seemingly outrageous enigma of a statement — and perhaps one attributable to an old man beyond his time — in context, Rickover's personal integrity and honesty were such that he was lamenting the need for such war machines in the modern world, and specifically acknowledged as well that the employment of nuclear energy ran counter to the course of nature over time.

In the modern Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a distinction is made between " Turks " and the " Turkic peoples " in loosely speaking: the term Türk corresponds specifically to the " Turkish-speaking " people ( in this context, " Turkish-speaking " is considered the same as " Turkic-speaking "), while the term Türki refers generally to the people of modern " Turkic Republics " ( Türki Cumhuriyetler or Türk Cumhuriyetleri ).

" The former relies on context ( indexical and referential meaning ) by referring to a chair specifically in the room at that moment while the latter is independent of the context ( semantico-referential meaning ), meaning the concept chair.

In the context of the politics of the United States, the term refers to alliances between labor unions and environmentalists, and sometimes specifically to cooperation between American Greens and blue-collar labor activists.

More important still, Bingham employed these guarantees specifically and in a context which suggested that free Negroes and mulattoes unquestionably were the persons to which he then referred.

Grid workflow systems have been developed as a specialized form of a workflow management system designed specifically to compose and execute a series of computational or data manipulation steps, or a workflow, in the Grid context.

* A short name for any telecommunications company with " Telecom " specifically in the name, where context allows media or people to commonly exclude the rest of its name without confusion, often resulting from a monopoly or previous monopoly.

It was the latter's publicly stubborn independent political stances, its insistence on specifically not being a puppet regime, that led to the Tito-Stalin split and the other moves towards an " independent socialism " that quickly made SR Yugoslavia unique within the context of overall Eastern Bloc politics.

Composer Wolfgang Schmeltzl first used the term in a specifically musical context in 1544.

It should be noted that the term ' post-secondary ' in this entry is used within the context of Quebec, specifically.