In German, the names to statutes are abbreviated using embedded capitals, e. g. StGB ( Strafgesetzbuch ) for criminal code, PatG ( Patentgesetz ) for Patent Act or the very common GmbH ( Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ) for Company with Limited Liability.

However, more recent studies which use the records of civil magistrates suggest that China did in fact have a very well developed system of civil law, in which provisions of the criminal code were interpreted to allow civil causes of action.

Significantly, the Quebec Act also replaced the French criminal law presumption of guilty until proven innocent with the English criminal law presumption of innocent until proven guilty ; but the French code or civil law system was retained for non-criminal matters.

* Dressed to Kill, A 1946 Sherlock Holmes film uses Dartmoor Prison in the plot as the supposed location where three music boxes were made that contain a secret code for a criminal gang.

After 1918, the newly independent Polish state returned to the Napoleonic tradition and the 1932 criminal code did not specify homosexuality as a crime.

In Germany, Volksverhetzung (" incitement of popular hatred ") is a punishable offense under Section 130 of the Strafgesetzbuch ( Germany's criminal code ) and can lead to up to five years imprisonment.

As of 2008, only the code of criminal procedure of the Canton of Geneva provides for genuine jury trials.

Soon afterwards, in lectures on criminal jurisprudence he set forth his famous theory, that in administering justice judges should be strictly limited in their decisions by the penal code.

In 2007 the media rights body Reporters Without Borders praised reforms to the criminal code ; journalists can no longer be jailed on defamation charges.

* Any act of bribery, counterfeiting, theft, embezzlement, fraud, dealing in obscene matter, obstruction of justice, slavery, racketeering, gambling, money laundering, commission of murder-for-hire, and several other offenses covered under the Federal criminal code ( Title 18 );

In civil law systems, similar provisions are typically part of the civil code or criminal code and are often known collectively as periods of prescription.

The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group.

There was no civil code separate from the criminal code, which led to the now discredited belief that traditional Chinese law had no civil law.

More recent studies have demonstrated that most of the magistrates ' legal work was in civil disputes, and that there was an elaborate system of civil law which used the criminal code to establish torts.

In 1791, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau presented a new criminal code to the national Constituent Assembly.

In 1810, a new criminal code was issued under Napoleon.

In 1808, a " code of criminal instruction " ( code d ' instruction criminelle ) was published.

This code laid out criminal procedure.

The resulting code is the basis of the modern so-called " inquisitorial system " of criminal courts, used in France and many civil law countries, though, of course, it has significantly changed since Napoléon's days ( especially with regard to expansion of the rights of the defense ).

In Japan, medical negligence and other species of negligence are governed by the criminal code, which may impose much harsher penalties than civil law.

" Hooliganism " is defined generally in Russia's criminal code as an " average gravity " crime.

Federal court review may review state court judgments in criminal cases by ruling on petitions for a federal writ of habeas corpus, in which a federal court is asked to review whether a defendant has been given due process of law as defined under federal law.

Generally, a final ruling by a district court in either a civil or a criminal case can be appealed to the United States court of appeals in the federal judicial circuit in which the district court is located, except that some district court rulings involving patents and certain other specialized matters must be appealed instead to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and in a very few cases the appeal may be taken directly to the United States Supreme Court.

In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, thoughtcrime is the criminal act of holding unspoken beliefs or doubts that oppose or question the ruling party.

* The Supreme Court decision Illinois v. Gates lowered the threshold of probable cause by ruling that a " substantial chance " or " fair probability " of criminal activity could establish probable cause.

The Miranda warning ( often abbreviated to " Miranda ," or " Mirandizing " a suspect ) is the name of the formal warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody ( or in a custodial situation ) before they are interrogated, in accordance with the Miranda ruling.

In 1774, as a result of a ruling by the British courts in Campbell v Hall about the status of legal systems found in acquired territories, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act which restored the former French civil law for private law while keeping and reserving English common law for public law including criminal prosecution.

The Court ruled: "... Congress intended to adopt the common law definition of conspiracy, which does not make the doing of any act other than the act of conspiring a condition of liability ..." This ruling indicated that conspiracy alone can be criminal.

In certain well known instances, such as the confiscation of the properties and assets of the Boroumand family of Esfahan, the Islamic Revolutionary Court judge responsible for unjustly ordering the seizure and confiscation of that family's belongings was identified as a criminal, who was subsequently executed by the Islamic regime on charges of " corruption on earth ", yet his confiscation ruling was let to stand.

That ruling set a precedent that the Commission, on a supranational basis, may legislate in criminal law – something never done before.

Because of the criminal family's aid to Wo Mai, the city of Kai Shan to this day retains its autonomy and the ruling criminal family grew into what is known today as the Triad or Tsui Tong.

Over the years, when deciding ex post facto cases, the United States Supreme Court has referred repeatedly to its ruling in Calder v. Bull, in which Justice Samuel Chase held that the prohibition applied only to criminal, not civil, matters and established four categories of unconstitutional ex post facto laws.

The ruling resulted in the dismissal of a federal criminal indictment against a man convicted of conspiring to operate an illegal underground poker club.

§ 3501 ) -- with clear intent to reverse the effect of the court ruling — included a provision in the Act directing federal trial judges to admit statements of criminal defendants if they were made voluntarily, without regard to whether he had received the Miranda warnings.

The ruling set an important precedent in e-mail privacy but it was also a landmark ruling in student rights since this was the only known incident where academic staff where found guilty of a criminal act as a result of a complaint made by a student – and where those staff members had the full support of their institution.

In countries that practice a hybrid legal system such as Egypt, a qadi makes an initial ruling in all civil and criminal matters.

On 18 June 2009, the Court of Appeal in England and Wales made a landmark ruling that resulted in the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Judge, allowing the first-ever criminal trial to be held without a jury by invoking Section 44 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Since this ruling, there have been no criminal laws regulating abortion in Canada.

With the War Crimes Act in mind, this ruling presented the Bush administration with the risk of criminal liability for war crimes.

His public accusations of homosexual behaviour-according to Paragraph 175 a criminal offence at that time-from 1906 on led to numerous trials and did sustainable damage to the reputation of the ruling House of Hohenzollern and the German jurisdiction.

Merhige authored the ruling of a panel of three judges throwing out the appeals of Watergate criminals G. Gordon Liddy, Bernard Barker and Eugenio Martinez and upholding their criminal convictions.

" With this ruling the court established that in order for one to be charged with a criminal act, it was necessary for one to commit an " act.

* Hartman v. Moore, 547 U. S. 250 ( 2006 ), ruling that the plaintiffs in Bivens actions for retaliatory prosecution must plead and prove the lack of probable cause for the underlying criminal charges.