Inescapably within the system, she seeks an epistemological perspective to objectively interpret patterns.

The Bohr-Einstein debates provide a vibrant critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation from an epistemological point of view.

* Niccolò Machiavelli: First systematic analyses of: ( 1 ) how consent of a populace is negotiated between and among rulers rather than simply a naturalistic ( or theological ) given of the structure of society ; ( 2 ) precursor to the concept of ideology in articulating the epistemological structure of commands and law.

Building on both the Western esoteric tradition and theosophy, Rudolf Steiner and others in the anthroposophic tradition have attempted to apply systematic methodology to the study of spiritual phenomena, building upon ontological and epistemological questions that arose out of transcendental philosophy.

Nihilism of an epistemological form can be seen as an extreme form of skepticism in which all knowledge is denied.

The failure of Descartes ' epistemological enterprise brought to popularity the idea that all certain knowledge may go no further than " I think ; therefore I exist " without providing any real details about the nature of the " I " that has been proven to exist.

* A Christian View of Philosophy and Culture: The first three books in this block are known as Schaeffer's " trilogy ," laying down the apologetical, philosophical, epistemological, and theological foundation for all his work.

By this means Agrippa proposed a magic that could resolve all epistemological problems raised by skepticism in a total validation of Christian faith.

All members of epistemological moral skepticism share two things in common: first they acknowledge that we are unjustified in believing any moral claim, and second, they are agnostic on whether ( i ) is true ( i. e. on whether all moral claims are false ).

However, in contradistinction to moral error theory, epistemological moral skeptical arguments for this conclusion do not include the premise that " all moral claims are false.

James ' epistemological model of truth was that which works in the way of belief, and a belief was true if in the long run it worked for all of us, and guided us expeditiously through our semihospitable world.

Confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism, is attributed to Willard van Orman Quine's extension of Pierre Duhem's problem of underdetermination as to physical theory, Quine's extension of underdetermination to all knowledge claims, since no theory of any type can be tested in isolation, but only embedded on a background of innumerable and often undetermined factors.

Another interesting feature of the Mimāṃsā school of philosophy is its unique epistemological theory of the intrinsic validity of all cognition as such.

It is important to note that in Jackson's article, physicalism refers to the epistemological doctrine that all knowledge is knowledge of physical facts, and not the metaphysical doctrine that all things are physical things.

Blanshard distinguished epistemological idealism ( the position that all objects of direct experience exist only in consciousness ) from ontological idealism ( the position that the world in itself is mental, or made of mind-stuff ).

It draws perspicacious comparative insights from one revival attempt to another, thus acting as an epistemological bridge between parallel discourses in various local attempts to revive sleeping tongues all over the globe.

The epistemological assumption is that all activity ( either by animate or inanimate objects ) can be formalised ( mathematically ) in the form of predictive rules or laws.

Weaver's philosophy shares an epistemological orientation with some forms of existentialism in that it posits that the axioms underlying all human belief systems are ultimately arbitrary ( in the sense that they cannot be derived, or anchored in something anterior ) and are thus a product of the exercise of ultimate choice rather than empirical evidence.

These maximalists are called by such an epithet because they, situated in the age of epistemological uncertainty and therefore knowing that they can never know what is authentic and inauthentic, attempt to include in their fiction everything belonging to that age, to take these authentic and inauthentic things as they are with all their uncertainty and inauthenticity included ; their work intends to contain the maximum of the age, in other words, to be the age itself, and because of this their novels are often encyclopedic.

In all consistency, his particular interest then turned to producing an epistemological critique of Sociology, combining Marxist themes with Kantian transcendentalism.

Strictly speaking, neither empiricism nor rationalism is necessarily committed to foundationalism ( it is possible to be an empiricist coherentist, for example, and that was a common epistemological position in 20th century philosophy ).

Nihilism can also take epistemological or metaphysical / ontological forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, or that reality does not actually exist.

It is on this basis that spiritual science is possible, with radically different epistemological foundations than those of natural science.

It should also be constructed in a way which makes it possible to distinguish empiricism among other epistemological positions in contemporary science and scholarship.

" In particular, Stalnaker does not accept Lewis ' attempt to argue on the basis of a supposed analogy with the epistemological objection to mathematical Platonism that believing in possible worlds as he ( Lewis ) imagines them is no less reasonable than believing in mathematical entities such as sets or functions.

To use an epistemological distinction introduced by Jürgen Habermas in Erkenntnis und Interesse ( Knowledge and Human Interests ), critical theory in literary studies is ultimately a form of hermeneutics, i. e. knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions — including the interpretation of texts which are themselves implicitly or explicitly the interpretation of other texts.

These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge.

Machan has developed Rand's contextual conception of human knowledge ( while also drawing on the insights of J. L. Austin and Gilbert Harman ) in works such as Objectivity ( 2004 ), and David Kelley has explicated Rand's epistemological ideas in works such as The Evidence of the Senses ( 1986 ) and A Theory of Abstraction ( 2001 ).

The writer is convinced that it is useful, in epistemological discussions, to abandon the idealization that the level of human intelligence has a singular position on an absolute scale.

" Narrative inquiry rests on the epistemological assumption that we as human beings make sense of random experience by the imposition of story structures.

Instead, this epistemological break was a process that had to be endlessly renewed, thus explaining revisionist tentatives to break away from this progress and renew with the old protoscientific ( and " bourgeois ") theory, which ignored the social and historical conditions which made human society what it is.

There he developed an epistemological model of human psychology.

In an attempt to answer the students ’ question and find a way to bridge the many apparently conflicting and contradictory viewpoints in psychology, Graves created an epistemological theory that he hoped would help to reconcile the various approaches to human nature and questions about psychological maturity.

This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought ; however, it is prescriptive as well, in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence.

It's because of the epistemological assumption that workers in the field argue that intelligence is the same as formal rule-following, and it's because of the ontological one that they argue that human knowledge consists entirely of internal representations of reality.

In contrast, SSM treats the notion of system as an epistemological rather than ontological entity, i. e., as a mental construct used for human understanding.

Personalists believe that the human person should be the ontological and epistemological starting point of philosophical reflection.

Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, then, has both practical and epistemological aspects that branch out from a fundamental principle that human beings are learning, rational beings with an infinite potential for problem-solving within the dictates of nature and technology.

In the 1960s, Jürgen Habermas raised the epistemological discussion to a new level in his Knowledge and Human Interests, by identifying critical knowledge as based on principles that differentiated it either from the natural sciences or the humanities, through its orientation to self-reflection and emancipation.

In Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle, he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance cannot substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride, and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded.

Part of the debate over the nature of knowledge is a debate between epistemological externalists on the one hand, and epistemological internalists on the other.

Simply put, Descartes ' epistemological justification depended upon his indubitable belief in his own existence and his clear and distinct knowledge of god.

Development of epistemological beliefs ( beliefs about knowledge ) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people's belief in: certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts.

Rationalism is the general name for epistemological theories that maintain that reason is the source and criterion of knowledge.

Empiricism is the general name for epistemological theories that maintain that sensation reports are the source and criterion of knowledge.

Its importance in the economy of salvation is discussed periodically in the Philokalia where as direct, personal knowledge of God ( noesis ; see also Noema ) it is distinguished from ordinary epistemological knowledge ( speculative philosophy ).

Solipsism as an epistemological position holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure.

If one presupposes a cognitivist interpretation of moral sentences, morality is justified by the moralist's knowledge of moral facts, and the theories to justify moral judgements are epistemological theories.

Rand consequently rejected epistemological skepticism, as she holds that the skeptics ' claim to knowledge " undistorted " by the form or the means of perception is impossible.

On this background, ongoing work in the sociology of scientific knowledge ( SSK ) and the history and philosophy of science ( HPS ) was able to assert its epistemological consequences, leading most notably to the establishment of the " Strong Programme " at the University of Edinburgh.

Research on perceptions of science among the American public conclude that most religious groups see no general epistemological conflict with science and they have no differences with nonreligious groups in the propensity of seeking out scientific knowledge, although there may be epistemic or moral conflicts when scientists make counterclaims to religious tenets.

** epistemological skepticism-Questions the possibility of justified knowledge, but not true knowledge