If the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland, are limited and late, those for the areas on the Irish Sea and Atlantic coasts — the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland — are non-existent, and archaeology and toponymy are of primary importance.

While the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland, are limited and late, those for the areas on the Irish Sea and Atlantic coasts — the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland — are non-existent, and archaeology and toponymy are of primary importance.

The northern part of Northumbria, and perhaps the whole kingdom, had probably been ruled by Ealdred son of Eadulf since 913.

Bede records Aethelbert of Kent as being dominant at the close of the 6th century, but power seems to have shifted northwards to the kingdom of Northumbria, which was formed from the amalgamation of Bernicia and Deira.

Alfred the Great's victory at Edington in 878 stemmed the Danish attack ; however, by then Northumbria had devolved into Bernicia and a Viking kingdom, Mercia had been split down the middle, and East Anglia ceased to exist as an Anglo-Saxon polity.

King Nechtan of Pictland would later choose to expel the Columbian church in favour of the Roman, principally to restrict the influence of the Scoti on his kingdom and to avoid a war with Northumbria.

In the same period Angles had conquered the previously Brythonic territory south of the Clyde and Forth, initially creating the Anglo Saxon kingdom of Bernicia, later becoming a part of the Kingdom of Northumbria.

Ida ’ s grandson, Æthelfrith, united his kingdom with Deira to the south to form Northumbria around the year 604.

In AD 867 the Vikings seized Northumbria, forming the Kingdom of York ; three years later they stormed the Britons ’ fortress of Dumbarton and subsequently conquered much of England except for a reduced kingdom of Wessex, leaving the new combined Pictish and Gaelic kingdom almost encircled.

The Angles of Bernicia overwhelmed the adjacent British kingdoms, and the neighbouring Anglian kingdom of Deira ( Bernicia and Deira later being called Northumbria ) was to become the most powerful kingdom in Britain.

After Bernicia united with Deira to become the kingdom of Northumbria, Rheged was annexed by Northumbria, some time before AD 730.

In the 10th century, after the power of Northumbria was destroyed by Viking incursions and settlement, large areas west of the Pennines fell without warfare under the control of the British kingdom of Strathclyde, with Leeds recorded as being on the border between the Britons and the Norse Kingdom of York.

From 1138 onwards, Stephen gave them the earldoms of Worcester, Leicester, Hereford, Warwick and Pembroke, which — especially when combined with the possessions of Stephen's new ally, Prince Henry, in Cumberland and Northumbria — created a wide block of territory to act as a buffer zone between the troubled south-west, Chester and the rest of the kingdom.

In 867 Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the coalescing Danelaw, after its conquest by the brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless, who installed an Englishman, Ecgberht, as a puppet king.

After Edward's son Athelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, England became a unified kingdom for the first time.

The Danes went on to subjugate the kingdom of Northumbria, and take all but the western portion of Mercia.

* Æthelric becomes first King of Northumbria, after the kingdom is formed from the union of the two small Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira.

Northumbria () was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England.

In 867 Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the Danelaw, after its conquest by the brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless who installed an Englishman, Ecgberht, as a puppet king.

Despite the pillaging of the kingdom, Viking rule brought lucrative trade to Northumbria, especially at their capital York.

After the English regained the territory of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Humber to the Tweed.

I bethought me of the Lord's Prayer, and these words came to mind: `` Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven ''.

Some of these are challenging to sequence because they have more than two haploid ( n ) sets of chromosomes, a condition known as polyploidy, common in the plant kingdom.

Finally all of these dominions are crushed by God's kingdom, a kingdom that will " endure forever ".

Here, again, a new term appears in the record, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the first time using the word scottas, from which Scots derives, to describe the inhabitants of Constantine's kingdom in its report of these events.

The Battle of Muret was a massive step in the creation of the unified French kingdom and the country we know today — although Edward III, the Black Prince and Henry V would threaten later to shake these foundations.

Some of the princes of these states were Persian client kings ; a disturbing fact in light of increasing tensions with that kingdom.

Shortly after this, Archibald Sayce proposed that Hatti or Khatti in Anatolia was identical with the " kingdom of Kheta " mentioned in these Egyptian texts, as well as with the biblical Hittites.

However, it is most likely that these were individual mercenary bands, not a Hunnish kingdom.

Besides, the author of Kings coordinated dates in the two kingdoms by giving the accession year of a monarch in terms of the year of the monarch of the other kingdom, ( e. g. ) though some commentators note that these dates do not synchronise.

These beliefs were adopted by the " people of the land ", meaning the landed families who provided the administrative class of the kingdom, and in 640 BCE these circles were decisive in placing on the throne the eight-year-old Josiah.

Thus, he cautiously states: " But knowing the sure number declared by Scripture, that is six hundred sixty and six, let them await, in the first place, the division of the kingdom into ten ; then, in the next place, when these kings are reigning, and beginning to set their affairs in order, and advance their kingdom, them learn to acknowledge that he who shall come claiming the kingdom for himself, and shall terrify those men of whom we have been speaking, have a name containing the aforesaid number, is truly the abomination of desolation.

Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this ; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation.

Paintings and mosaics were popular forms of art in the kingdom, but many of these were destroyed by the Mamluks in the 13th century ; only the most durable fortresses survived the reconquest.

Even when several Merovingian kings simultaneously ruled their own realms, the kingdom — not unlike the late Roman Empire — was conceived of as a single entity ruled collectively by these several kings ( in their own realms ) among whom a turn of events could result in the reunification of the whole kingdom under a single ruler.

This state of peace with two powerful neighbors enabled the Kingdom of Israel to expand its influence and even political control in Transjordan, and these factors combined brought economic prosperity to the kingdom.

The fact that theirs are the earliest attested names of Israelite kings and that the kingdom of Israel became associated with that of the former does not, however, establish that either was considered by these sources to actually be the first king of Israel.

The symbolic keys in the papal coat of arms are a reference to the phrase " the keys of the kingdom of heaven " in the first of these texts.

As a result of all these wars the kingdom of the Loango in the north gained independence from Kongo.

Once this was understood, the various reign lengths and cross-synchronisms for these kings was worked out, and the sum of reigns for both kingdoms produced 931 / 930 BC for the division of the kingdom when working backwards from the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC.

According to, it was because of these sins that " the Lord punishes Solomon by tearing the kingdom in two ":

Stephen appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom.