This similar denomination is not a coincidence ; the Type IIA string theory has the Type IIA supergravity theory as its low-energy limit and the Type IIB string theory gives rise to Type IIB supergravity.

The heterotic SO ( 32 ) and heterotic E < sub > 8 </ sub >× E < sub > 8 </ sub > string theories also reduce to Type IIA and Type IIB supergravity in the low-energy limit.

In one of his recent works, Kei-Ichi Kondo derived as a low-energy limit of QCD, a theory linked to the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model since it is basically a particular non-local version of the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model.

The gravitational field and the electromagnetic field are the only two fundamental fields in Nature that have infinite range and a corresponding classical low-energy limit, which greatly diminishes and hides their " particle-like " excitations.

Presumably, the as yet unknown correct quantum field-theoretic treatment of the gravitational field will become and " look exactly like " Einstein's general theory of relativity in the " low-energy limit ", or, more generally, like the Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dirac System.

Whether or not Lorentz invariance is broken in the low-energy limit of LQG, the theory is formally background independent.

* Similar to the approximate Lorentz symmetry of phonons in a lattice ( where the speed of sound plays the role of the critical speed ), the Lorentz symmetry of special relativity ( with the speed of light as the critical speed in vacuum ) is only a low-energy limit of the laws of Physics, which involve new phenomena at some fundamental scale.

It is just the low-energy limit of Compton scattering: the particle kinetic energy and photon frequency are the same before and after the scattering.

In the low-energy limit, the electric field of the incident wave ( photon ) accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident wave, and thus the wave is scattered.

In Germany a low-energy house ( Niedrigenergiehaus ) has a limit equivalent to 7 litres of heating oil for each square metre of room for space heating annually ( 50 kWh / m²a or 15, 850 Btu / ft² / yr ).

These objects show changing levels of low-energy, or " soft ", X-ray emission, probably produced somehow by variable transfer of mass from the normal star to the compact object.

This same logic works just as well for the highly successful theory of low-energy pions as for quantum gravity.

Thus, at least in the low-energy regime, the model is indeed a predictive quantum field theory.

Recent work has shown that by treating general relativity as an effective field theory, one can actually make legitimate predictions for quantum gravity, at least for low-energy phenomena.

The " complicatedness " of the theory became lateron more natural from the fact that it was now seen as a low-energy approximation of the still more basic theory of quantum chromodynamics.

In certain situations, such as low-energy QCD and the description of bound states, perturbation theory breaks down.

( Because of their high energy, gamma-ray photons are generally counted individually, whereas the lowest energy forms of EM radiation ( e. g., radio to sub-millimeter ) are observed as electromagnetic waves consisting of many low-energy photons.

The original formulation of M-theory was in terms of a ( relatively ) low-energy effective field theory, called 11-dimensional Supergravity.

In an effective field theory, all but the first few of the infinite set of parameters in a non-renormalizable theory are suppressed by huge energy scales and hence can be neglected when computing low-energy effects.

( A very similar situation occurs for the very similar effective field theory of low-energy pions.

The existence of low-energy excitations is related to the fact that in the absence of an external field, the spin system has an infinite number of degenerate ground states with infinitesimally different spin orientations.

Even if quarks are massless, chiral flavour symmetry can be spontaneously broken if the vacuum of the theory contains a chiral condensate ( as it does in low-energy QCD ).

It is usually operated under vacuum to reduce the absorption of soft radiation ( low-energy photons ) by the air and thus increase the sensitivity for the detection and quantification of light elements ( between boron and oxygen ).

In the practice of sustainable design, sustainable architecture, low-energy building, energy-efficient landscaping low-energy houses often use active solar and passive solar building design techniques and components to reduce their energy expenditure.

A graviton in perturbative string theory is a closed string in a very particular low-energy vibrational state.

However, since string theory also describes gravitational interactions, one expects the low-energy theory to describe particles moving in gravitational backgrounds.

These three facts imply that the low-energy approximation to a superstring theory is a supergravity theory.

Even the " standard " ten-dimensional string theory allows the " curled up " dimensions to be compactified in an enormous number of different ways ( one estimate is 10 < sup > 500 </ sup > ) each of which corresponds to a different collection of fundamental particles and low-energy forces.

Thus, although the current standard model of particle physics " in principle " predicts all known non-gravitational phenomena, in practice only a few quantitative results have been derived from the full theory ( e. g., the masses of some of the simplest hadrons ), and these results ( especially the particle masses which are most relevant for low-energy physics ) are less accurate than existing experimental measurements.

And like in these prior examples of unification, the ToE would probably allow us to confidently define the domain of validity and residual error of low-energy approximations to the full theory.

Using this theory one would expect that there would be considerably more high-energy light than low-energy, due to the presence of stars and other hot bodies.

For each phase, they then write down an effective theory for the low-energy excitations, in terms of a small number of parameters, and use it to make predictions that could allow those parameters to be fixed by experimental observations.

The berkelium-249 isotope emits low-energy electrons and thus is relatively safe to handle.

Elements are trying to reach the low-energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron, respectively, and the noble gases themselves are chemically inactive.

They are used in expansive cements, in ultra-high early strength cements, and in " low-energy " cements.

Their use as a low-energy alternative to Portland cement has been pioneered in China, where several million tonnes per year are produced.

It was found that low-energy cranberry juice ( Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc, Lakeville-Middleboro, Mass.

In a low-energy nuclear scattering experiment, it is conventional to refer to the nuclear recoil energy in units of eVr, keVr, etc.

The lost energy is converted into alternative forms such as heat, emission of low-energy secondary electrons and high-energy backscattered electrons, light emission ( cathodoluminescence ) or X-ray emission, which provide signals carrying information about the properties of the specimen surface, such as its topography and composition.

Another variation is spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy ( SPLEEM ), which is used for looking at the microstructure of magnetic domains.

Therefore, as widely recognized, existing low-energy bounds cannot be applied to high-energy phenomena ; however, many searches for Lorentz violation at high energies have been carried out using the Standard-Model Extension.

The thermal motion allows the domain boundaries to move, releasing them from any defects, to return to their low-energy unaligned state.

Development of a number of low-energy building types and techniques continues.

* A trapped radiation detector, mounted on the body with counter-axes pointing 70 ° and 135 ° from the solar direction, to measure the intensity and direction of low-energy particles.

Finally, since superstring string theories are supersymmetric for supersymmetry is needed for consistency, one expects to see supersymmetry appearing in the low-energy approximation.

Though this formulation provided a key link to the low-energy limits of string theories, it was recognized that a full high-energy formulation ( or " UV-completion ") of M-theory was needed.

There is no known phase-transition line separating these two properties ; confinement is dominant in low-energy scales but, as energy increases, asymptotic freedom becomes dominant.