The term is formed by analogy to the popular distinction between the " hard " ( natural ) and " soft " ( social ) sciences.

Since the 1960s, the term has also been used in numerous non-scientific contexts to describe a profound change in a fundamental model or perception of events, even though Kuhn himself restricted the use of the term to the hard sciences.

Hard science fiction, or " hard SF ", is characterized by rigorous attention to accurate detail in quantitative sciences, especially physics, astrophysics, and chemistry, or on accurately depicting worlds that more advanced technology may make possible.

The university was not immune to the parliamentary struggle between the parties known as the " Hats " and the " Caps ", with the former having a preference for hard sciences and practical knowledge.

The dichotomy between hard and soft science can be regarded as stemming from the increased uncertainty and vagueness connected to the inductive proofs of causal links in " softer " sciences.

Within the natural sciences, the term hard science is sometimes used to describe those sub-fields which some people view as relying on experimental, quantifiable data or the scientific method and focus on accuracy and objectivity.

All social sciences have explicit ontology issues because they do not have hard falsification criteria like most models in physical sciences-indeed the lack of such widely accepted hard falsification criteria is what defines a social or soft science.

The college offers 32 majors, ranging from the arts to the social sciences to the hard sciences to pre-professional programs.

Current scientific practice, especially in the hard sciences, requires a total dissociation of personal experience from the finished scientific product ( Bauchspies 8 ).

Although Freud and Jung remain hugely influential, mainstream psychology has made a determined effort to rid itself of the most mystical of these concepts in an attempt to appear more like the hard sciences of chemistry and physics.

These irreducible special sciences, which are the source of allegedly irreducible predicates, presumably differ from the hard sciences in that they are interest-relative.

Washington and Lee is divided into three schools: ( 1 ) The College, where all undergraduates begin their studies, encompassing the liberal arts, humanities and hard sciences, with notable interest among students in pre-health and pre-law studies ; ( 2 ) the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, which offers majors in accounting, business administration, economics, politics, and public accounting ; and ( 3 ) the School of Law, which offers Juris Doctor and Master of Laws degrees.

From the beginning of his career, Cattell worked hard to establish psychology as a field as worthy of study as any of the " hard " physical sciences, such as chemistry or physics.

Nuclear research is carried on at the Centro Atomico Bariloche, dependent on the Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, and the Instituto Balseiro awards degrees in Physics, Nuclear Engineering and other hard sciences to a handful of rigorously selected students every year.

Some fields, like economics, may have very " hard " or highly quantitative standards for publication, much like the natural sciences.

In the natural sciences and in the " hard " social sciences, the impact factor is a convenient proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal.

They were intended to introduce some degree of technical rigour in philosophical and psychological writing, replacing the often hard-to-understand verbal descriptions with formulae resembling those used in the hard sciences, and as an easy way to hold, remember, and rehearse some of the core ideas of both Freud and Lacan.

Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the hard sciences, by moving the focus on the processes / mechanisms / behaviors that build the social reality.

Most immigrants were illiterate or poorly educated peasants and coolies ( Chinese: 苦力, literally " hard labor "), who immigrated to developing countries in need of labor, such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Malaya and other places.

Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market.

Kim Jong-il said that the solution to this crisis is earning hard currency, developing information technology, and attracting foreign aid, but very little progress has been made in these areas.

Meanwhile ski area founder Joe Zoline worked hard to put Telluride on the map, developing one of the best mountains in North America for expert skiers and creating infrastructure for tourism which respected Telluride's need to stay small and beautiful.

Stratton had a hard time getting started developing Independence mine, but once going, it was like an underground bank.

The group attempted to build Threshold into a major label by developing new talent — most notably the UK hard rock band Trapeze and the Portland, Oregon, classical-acoustic sextet Providence — but these efforts proved unsuccessful and the Moodies eventually returned to more traditional recording contracts.

The first portion of this gland secretes the egg white, while the lower portion secretes a hard, horny, capsule to protect the developing egg.

" In developing this concept, Preece writes that, when we transfer an inner quality onto another person, we may be giving that person a power over us as a consequence of the projection, carrying the potential for great insight and inspiration, but also the potential for great danger: " In giving this power over to someone else they have a certain hold and influence over us it is hard to resist, while we become enthralled or spellbound by the power of the archetype ".

Management professor Peter Drucker credited writer Franz Kafka with developing the first civilian hard hat when he was employed at the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1912 ), but this is not supported by any document from his employer.

Influences aside, the Nearings had planned and worked hard, developing their homestead and life according to a twelve-point plan they had drafted.

Stipules linear, downy, membranous at first, ultimately developing into hard woody prickles, straight or slightly curved.

He had to leave in 1939 after developing severe lung infections, which made the strict and hard monastic life difficult to cope with.

Dogs must be at least one year old to compete ; the hard fast turns are tough on a dog's developing joints and lure coursing before the age of one can cause joint problems later in life.

* Ruđer Bošković publishes De Viribus Vivis in which he tries to find a middle way between Newton's gravitational theory and Leibniz's monadology, developing a concept of " impenetrability " as a property of hard bodies which explains their behavior in terms of force rather than matter.

The mediation services and advice centers work effectively because the Japanese judiciary works hard at developing clear, detailed rules that guarantee virtually automatic, predictable, moderate compensation for most accident victims.

The pelycosaurs appear to have been a group of synapsids that had direct ancestral links with the mammalia, having differentiated teeth and a developing hard palate.

NOAO has worked very hard with the US community in the ensuing years in developing this System.

Indeed, he initially found it hard to persuade senior staff that money was available and that there was ample opportunity to spend it in developing television to the full.

Cary worked hard on developing as a writer, but his brief economic success soon ended as the Post decided that his stories had become too " literary ".

The present war has demonstrated the importance of highly-proficient, tough, hard, and aggressive infantry, which can be obtained only by developing a high degree of individual all-around proficiency on the part of every infantryman.

Frege's motivation for developing his formal approach to logic resembled Leibniz's motivation for his calculus ratiocinator ( despite that, in his Foreword Frege clearly denies that he reached this aim, and also that his main aim would be constructing an ideal language like Leibniz's, what Frege declares to be quite hard and idealistic, however, not impossible task ).

Behind the scenes, Kevin Thomas and Richard Koontz ( Webroots ACE programmer ) worked hard on developing Spy Sweeper, despite being at odds with the CEO at the time ( David Moll ).

# Strengthening of the striking limbs by developing the tendons and ligaments from the shoulders to the fingertips, then striking or slapping relatively hard objects enclosed in canvas / leather bags.

The effectiveness of methods such as cognitive walkthroughs is hard to measure in applied settings, as there is very limited opportunity for controlled experiments while developing software.