Research into how vitamin E prevents the process of lipid peroxidation led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions, often by scavenging reactive oxygen species before they can damage cells.

The oxygen then travels through the blood stream to be dropped off at cells where it is utilized as a terminal electron acceptor in the production of ATP by the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

The ability of mitochondria to serve as a Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > sink is a result of the electrochemical gradient generated during oxidative phosphorylation, which makes tunneling of the cation an exergonic process.

This can cause oxidative stress in the mitochondria and may contribute to the decline in mitochondrial function associated with the aging process.

The antioxidant properties of carotenoids are postulated to protect the roots from PPD ( basically an oxidative process ).

However injured cells are under higher levels of oxidative stress, which ultimately is the source of the light, and whether this constitutes a " distress signal " or simply a background chemical process is yet to be demonstrated.

ATP, the " high-energy " exchange medium in the cell, is synthesized in the mitochondrion by addition of a third phosphate group to ADP in a process referred to as oxidative phosphorylation.

When the amount of copper in the liver overwhelms the proteins that normally bind it, it causes oxidative damage through a process known as Fenton chemistry ; this damage eventually leads to chronic active hepatitis, fibrosis ( deposition of connective tissue ) and cirrhosis.

The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps.

Synthesis of carbon fiber from Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN ) 1 ) Polymerization of acrylonitrile to PAN 2 ) Cyclization during low temperature process 3 ) High temperature oxidative treatment of carbonization ( hydrogen is removed ) .... after this, process of graphitization starts where nitrogen is removed and chains are joined into graphite planes

This is usually done through an electron transport chain in a process called oxidative phosphorylation ; however, this mechanism is not available without oxygen.

Other seeds such as those of the sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) show oxidative damage resulting from uncontrolled metabolism occurring during the drying process.

Consuming melatonin may neutralize oxidative damage and delay the neurodegenerative process of aging.

When small amounts of melatonin were administered to lab mice, it reduced the oxidative damage caused by aging and delayed the inflammatory process, which in turn increased the longevity of the mice.

* When the body has ample carbohydrates available as energy source, glucose is completely oxidized to CO < sub > 2 </ sub >; acetyl-CoA is formed as an intermediate in this process, first entering the citric acid cycle followed by complete conversion of its chemical energy to ATP in oxidative phosporylation.

The reaction catalyzed by bacterial luciferase is also an oxidative process:

Hydroxylation is an oxidative process.

The process in which ATP is produced, called oxidative phosphorylation, involves the transport of protons ( hydrogen ions ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane by means of the electron transport chain.

" Hence oxidative stress is the damage done to the cells by free radicals that have been released from the oxidation process.

# endogenous damage such as attack by reactive oxygen species produced from normal metabolic byproducts ( spontaneous mutation ), especially the process of oxidative deamination

This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation.

This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final electron acceptor and the energy released by reducing oxygen to water is used to phosphorylate ADP and generate ATP.

Oxidative phosphorylation in the eukaryotic mitochondrion is the best-understood example of this process.

Steroid receptors, on the other hand, may be repressive on gene expression when their transactivation domain is hidden ; activity can be enhanced by phosphorylation of serine residues at their N-terminal as a result of another signal transduction pathway, a process called crosstalk.

In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific substrates, a process referred to as phosphorylation.

One such modification is phosphorylation, which happens to many enzymes and structural proteins in the process of cell signaling.

A cascade of phosphorylation reactions eventually activates a dormant transcription factor or cytoskeletal protein, thus contributing to the differentiation process in the target cell.

For example, cyclic nucleotides can relax arterial smooth muscle without reductions in crossbridge phosphorylation, a process termed force suppression.

This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein, hsp20, and may prevent phosphorylated myosin heads from interacting with actin.

The phosphorylation events lead to a decrease in intracelluar calcium ( inhibit L type Calcium channels, inhibits IP3 receptor channels, stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium pump ATPase ), a decrease in the 20kd myosin light chain phosphorylation by altering calcium sensitization and increasing myosin light chain phosphatase activity, a stimulation of calcium sensitive potassium channels which hyperpolarize the cell, and the phosphorylation of amino acid residue serine 16 on the small heat shock protein ( hsp20 ) by Protein Kinases A and G. The phosphorylation of hsp20 appears to alter actin and focal adhesion dynamics and actin-myosin interaction, and recent evidence indicates that hsp20 binding to 14-3-3 protein is involved in this process.

Hsp20 phosphorylation correlates well with smooth muscle relaxation and is one significant phosphoprotein involved in the process.

The exact process of how COX-2 inhibitors block HDM2 phosphorylation is unknown, but this mediated reduction in active HDM2 concentration level restores the cellular p53 levels.

First, it was determined that the enzymatic activity of LP depends on the addition or removal of a phosphate group, a process called phosphorylation.

Supply is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the mitochondria ( including lung diffusion, stroke volume, blood volume, and capillary density of the skeletal muscle ) while demand is the rate at which the mitochondria can reduce oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Then came this decision, which sped the process of gaining equality ( or perhaps hindered it ; ;

In its place is a passionate consciousness grasped and molded to feelings of positive or negative values even as the actions of one's life are determined by constellations of process in which one is caught.

Within institutions there is a marked decline of the process of persuasion and the substitution of a force-fear process which masquerades as the earlier one of persuasion.

In still others which are barely on the threshold of the transition into modernity, the decade can bring significant progress in launching the slow process of developing their human resources and their basic services to the point where an expanded range of developmental activities is possible.

recommend to the Congress from time to time authorization for construction and operation, or for participation in the construction and operation, of a demonstration plant for any process which he determines, on the basis of subsections ( A ) and ( B ) above, has great promise of accomplishing the purposes of this Act, such recommendation to be accompanied by a report on the size, location, and cost of the proposed plant and the engineering and economic details with respect thereto ; ;

Petitioner was not denied due process in the administrative proceedings, because the statement in question was in his file, to which he had access, and he had opportunities to rebut it both before the hearing officer of the Department of Justice and before the appeal board.

For, if so, the path leads through a complex process of parliamentary diplomacy which adds still another dimension to the problem.

The rules and policies to be applied in this process of course must be based on objectives which represent what is to be desired if radio service is to be of maximum use to the Nation.

The medical title of `` Lobar Ventilation In Man '' by Drs. C. J. Martin and A. C. Young, covers a brief paper which is one part of a much larger effort to apply electronics to the study of the respiratory process.

Although there is no question but that the process of washing fabrics involves a number of phenomena which are related together in an extremely complicated way and that these phenomena and their interrelations are not well understood at the present, this section attempts to present briefly an up-to-date picture of the physical chemistry of washing either fabrics or hard surfaces.

The washing process whereby soils are removed consists basically of applying mechanical action to loosen the dirt particles and dried matter in the presence of water which helps to float off the debris and acts, to some extent, as a dissolving and solvating agent.

Obviously, a substance which is permanently or temporarily sorbed on the surface in place of the soil will tend to accelerate this process and effectively push off the greasy soil.

Third, the process of calcification is seen to begin later and to continue much longer for these boys than for the girls, a fact which confirms data for other groups of children.

At a third stage in the modernization process are such countries as India, Brazil, the Philippines, and Taiwan, which are ready and committed to move into the stage of self-sustaining growth.

In discussing the process of communication, Loomis defines it as `` the process by which information, decisions, and directives are transmitted among actors and the ways in which knowledge, opinions, and attitudes are formed, or modified by interaction ''.

There were rumors that the Ministry of the Interior favored an arbitrary, `` non-political '' process, which were indirectly affirmed when the King personally intervened in the planned meetings.

In a more pessimistic vein about the economic outlook, I suspect that the reservoir of demand for consumer goods and housing which was dammed-up during the Thirties and World War 2, is finally in the process of running dry.

A process of elimination which leaves the artist with nothing but the play of his materials themselves cannot sustain interest in either artist or public for very long.

In the new process impurities present in the solvent ( benzene ), the monomer, and in the reaction system which would cause deactivation of propagation centers, are rendered inactive prior to polymerization by gradual addition of initiator, a mixture of butyl-lithium and telomeric styryl-lithium, at a temperature low enough to suppress chain growth.

The process of `` pasteurization '' involves milder and less prolonged heat treatment which accomplishes the destruction of most, but not all, of the microorganisms.

The typical appearance of these various mechanisms is illustrated in Figs. 2, 3, and 4, which are single frame enlargements of high speed movies taken during the course of the knife removal process.