For case of single stranded DNA / RNA units of nucleotides are used, abbreviated nt ( or knt, Mnt, Gnt ), as they are not paired.

# After digestion of the RNA, a single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) is left and because single stranded nucleic acids are hydrophobic, it tends to loop around itself.

Although bacteriophages were first described in 1927, it was only in 1959 that Sinshemer working with phage Phi X 174 showed that they could possess single stranded DNA genomes.

Recent work suggests that this may not be the case with single stranded viruses forming the majority of viruses found in sea water, fresh water, sediment, terrestrial, extreme, metazoan-associated and marine microbial mats.

A division of the circular single stranded viruses into four types has been proposed.

Given the variety of single stranded viruses that have been described this scheme-if it is accepted by the ICTV-will need to be extended.

A number of additional single stranded DNA viruses are known but are as yet unclassified.

These have linear single stranded DNA genomes but unlike the parvoviruses the genome is bipartate.

The second single stranded DNA virus infecting Archaea-Aeropyrum coil-shaped virus ( ACV )-has been described.

A single stranded DNA fungal virus-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence associated DNA virus 1-has been described.

A circular single stranded DNA virus has been isolated from a grapevine.

Betasatellites are small linear single stranded DNA viruses that require a begomovirus to replicate.

An ancient origin for the single stranded circular DNA viruses has been proposed.

Classification is based principally on the type of genome ( double stranded, negative or positive single strand ) and gene number and organisation.

Their genomes consist of two molecules of positive sense single stranded RNA with a 5 ' cap and 3 ' polyadenylated tail.

Stranded wire might seem to reduce this effect, since the total surface area of the strands is greater than the surface area of the equivalent solid wire, but ordinary stranded wire does not reduce the skin effect because all the strands are short-circuited together and behave as a single conductor.

A single stranded DNA virus with a circular genome-sea turtle tornovirus 1-has been isolated from a sea turtle with fibropapillomatosis.

Tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that infects plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.

Other chemicals, known as DNA intercalators, fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by " masquerading " as a base, causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site.

3-The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell.

It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.

This enzyme operates on a single strand of mRNA, generating its complementary DNA based on the pairing of RNA base pairs ( A, U, G and C ) to their DNA complements ( T, A, C and G respectively ).

# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.

In living organisms DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together.

The denaturation of nucleic acids such as DNA due to high temperatures is the separation of a double strand into two single strands, which occurs when the hydrogen bonds between the strands are broken.

Alphasatellites are small circular single strand DNA viruses that require a begomovirus for transmission.

Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides having the bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine ( commonly noted as A, C, G & T ).

DNA strands have a directionality, and the different ends of a single strand are called the " 3 ' ( three-prime ) end " and the " 5 ' ( five-prime ) end " with the direction of the naming going 5 prime to the 3 prime region.

Sometimes when there are many outcomes for a single trial, we group these outcomes into two classes, as in the example of the die, where we have arbitrarily constructed the classes `` ace '' and `` not-ace ''.

Then, too, the utmost clinical flexibility is necessary in judiciously combining carefully timed family-oriented home visits, single and group office interviews, and appropriate telephone follow-up calls, if the worker is to be genuinely accessible and if the predicted unhealthy outcome is to be actually averted in accordance with the principles of preventive intervention.

Where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group, systemic linkage is defined `` as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit.

Since the writer had not noticed this characteristic in married students scattered throughout the various sections previous to this experiment, nor, as a matter of fact, in those who were continuing in `` single sections '', he can only conclude that there must have been something `` contagious '' within the specific group which caused this to occur.

Algae constitute a paraphyletic and polyphyletic group, as they do not include all the descendants of the last universal ancestor nor do they all descend from a common algal ancestor, although their plastids seem to have a single origin.

* " Atlas ", a single from the album Mirrored by experimental rock group Battles

Over 99. 94 % of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus ,< ref group = note > In the case of hydrogen-1, with a single electron and nucleon, the proton is, or 99. 95 % of the total atomic mass.

The group was notable for using several vocal performers instead of having a single lead vocalist.

Lavoisier also contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions.

Each object represents a single entity — whether a user, a computer, a printer, or a group — and its attributes.

* Base ( politics ), a group of voters who almost always support a single party's candidates

These agents may be lethal or non-lethal, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population.

This was the background to Trito-Isaiah, who was probably not a single author but a group under the influence of Deutero-Isaiah and his followers.

Estimates of the total number of Protestants are very uncertain, partly because of the difficulty in determining which denominations should be placed in these categories, but it seems clear that Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after Catholicism in number of followers ( although the Orthodox Church is larger than any single Protestant denomination ).

Since over the course of any single dance, individuals interact with not just their partners but everyone else in the set, contra dancing might be considered a group activity.

Ethnically, Cape Verdeans see themselves as a single group, regardless of being mulatto, black or white.

That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid.

The group had no major hits in 1980, but by 1981 they released two Top Ten hits with " Oh No " (# 4 U. S .) and their first upbeat single in almost five years, " Lady ( You Bring Me Up )" (# 8 U. S .)

It is unlikely that this would all be contained within a single monolithic structure, but would rather be a group of cooperating machines or an automated factory that is capable of manufacturing all of the machines that make it up.

A clade ( from Ancient Greek, klados, " branch ") or monophylum ( see monophyletic ) is a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single " branch " on the " tree of life ".

The carotenes α-carotene and γ-carotene, due to their single retinyl group ( beta-ionone ring ), also have some vitamin A activity ( though less than β-carotene ), as does the xanthophyll carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin.

The comedy group Buckner & Garcia released a novelty concept album, Pac-Man Fever, that went gold and produced a hit single of the same name ; all of the songs on the album pertained to popular video games of the time.

The first collisional family — a group of objects thought to be remnants from the breakup of a single body — is the Haumea family It includes Haumea, its moons, and seven smaller bodies .< sup >†</ sup > The objects not only follow similar orbits but also share similar physical characteristics.

The Austrian " Bundesheer " utilized a single long, rectangular tag with oval ends, stamped with blood group & Rh factor at the end, with ID number underneath.

Progressive rock group Pink Floyd, when creating their rock opera The Wall, used disco-style components in their song, " Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2 " ( 1979 )— which became the group's only # 1 hit single ( in both the US and UK ).