Inflation is thus now considered part of the standard hot Big Bang cosmology.

For a recent review, see The authors admits that their model " does not solve the entropy and flatness problems of standard cosmology ..... and we can provide no explanation for why the current universe is so close to being spatially flat.

In 1999, John Earman and Jesús Mosterín published a thorough critical review of inflationary cosmology, concluding that “ we do not think that there are, as yet, good grounds for admitting any of the models of inflation into the standard core of cosmology ”.

However, a number of observations including the discovery of cosmic acceleration in 1998 have revived the cosmological constant, and the current standard model of cosmology includes this term.

Thus, the current standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model, includes the cosmological constant, which is measured to be on the order of 10 < sup >− 52 </ sup > m < sup >− 2 </ sup >, in metric units.

In standard cosmology, comoving distance and proper distance are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between objects.

A non-standard cosmology is any physical cosmological model of the universe that has been, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the Big Bang model of standard physical cosmology.

Conversely a non-zero cosmological constant resulting in an accelerating universe would have been considered non-standard in 1990, but is part of the standard cosmology in 2010.

Data gathered by this spacecraft has been successfully used to parametrize the features of ΛCDM model | standard cosmology, but complete analysis of the data in the context of any non-standard cosmology has not yet been achieved.

However, by the late 1990s, most astronomers had concluded that these observations did not challenge the big bang and additional data from COBE and WMAP provided detailed quantitative measures which were consistent with standard cosmology.

These are controversial views which do not accord with the standard model of physical cosmology.

In the standard cosmology of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, Pandemonium ( or, the Windswept Depths of Pandemonium ) is the Outer plane where Chaotic Evil and Chaotic Neutral petitioners are sent after death.

It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

In the standard D & D cosmology, Baator ’ s first layer, Avernus, shares borders with the neighbouring planes of the Infernal Battlefield of Acheron and the Bleak Eternity of Gehenna ; travel is possible between Baator and these planes at certain locations.

It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

The standard Dungeons & Dragons ( D & D ) cosmology contains seventeen Outer Planes.

The standard D & D cosmology is the official cosmology used in the Planescape and Greyhawk campaign settings.

By definition, these clouds must have a v < sub > lsr </ sub > greater than 90 km s < sup >− 1 </ sup >, where v < sub > lsr </ sub > is the local standard rest velocity.

Among the findings were the Enuma Elish, also known as the Epic of Creation, which depicts a traditional Babylonian view of creation, the Epic of Gilgamesh, a large selection of " omen texts " including Enuma Anu Enlil which " contained omens dealing with the moon, its visibility, eclipses, and conjunction with planets and fixed stars, the sun, its corona, spots, and eclipses, the weather, namely lightning, thunder, and clouds, and the planets and their visibility, appearance, and stations ", and astronomic / astrological texts, as well as standard lists used by scribes and scholars such as word lists, bilingual vocabularies, lists of signs and synonyms, and lists of medical diagnoses.

Although genus types with vertical extent are often considered a single family, the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) further distinguishes towering vertical clouds as a separate group by specifying that these very large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform types must be identified by their standard names or abbreviations in all aviation observations ( METARS ) and forecasts ( TAFS ) to warn pilots of possible severe weather and turbulance.

The standard potential Bk < sup > 3 +</ sup >/ Bk < sup > 0 </ sup > is − 2. 01 V. The ionization potential of a neutral berkelium atom is 6. 23 eV.

These include the choice over whether to adopt a current standard, or move towards a more neutral, but artificial one.

Since the late 1990s, analog sticks ( or thumbsticks, due to their being controlled by one's thumbs ) have become standard on video game consoles and have the ability to indicate the stick's displacement from its neutral position.

At 25 ° C, considered the standard temperature, the pH value of a neutral solution is 7. 0.

In the Eastern dialects of Catalan, including the standard language variety, based in the dialect spoken in and around Barcelona, an unstressed " a " or " e " is pronounced as a schwa ( called " vocal neutra ", " neutral vowel ").

The standard procedure ISO 719 describes a test of the extraction of water-soluble basic compounds under neutral conditions: 2 g of glass, particle size 300 – 500 μm, is kept for 60 min in 50 ml de-ionized water of grade 2 at 98 ° C ; 25 ml of the obtained solution is titrated against 0. 01 mol / l HCl solution.

Pions produced in this manner proceed to decay in the standard pion channels — ultimately to photons for neutral pions, and photons, positrons, and various neutrinos for positive pions.

The result is a standard that allows the law to behave in a uniform, foreseeable, and neutral manner when attempting to determine liability.

The standard positivist view of empirically acquired information has been that observation, experience, and experiment serve as neutral arbiters between competing theories.

The standard alignment of aarakocra is neutral good.

The Pioneer plaque, attached to the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, portrays the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen and used the wavelength as a standard scale of measurement.

As a defined standard of identification under U. S. law, " neutral spirits " or " neutral alcohol " are distilled spirits produced from any material at or above 95 % alcohol by volume.

Features that differ from those previously mentioned on the Tahoe Limited included the Z71 off road chassis package, two tone leather seating surfaces in either a gray or neutral theme, a standard 3. 73 rear gear ratio, distinctive tail lamp lens covers, tubular side assist step bars, brush guard, body colored fender flares, and distinctive 16 inch Alcoa five spoke polished aluminum wheels.

In countries whose standard phase to neutral voltage is 120 V, lighting and small appliances are connected between a live wire and the neutral.

It is good practice to use four pole Circuit breakers ( as opposed to the standard three pole ) where the fourth pole is the neutral phase, and is hence protected against over current on the neutral conductor.

To help prevent accidental violation of these rules, the modern standard Orthodox practice is to classify food into either being meat, dairy, or neither ; the latter category is more usually referred to as parev from the Yiddish word parev ( פארעוו ) ( also spelled parve and pareve ) meaning " neutral ".

Same basic configuration as ' standard ' CP-system but the pump is unloaded to a low stand-by pressure when all valves are in neutral position.

As the United States remained neutral in the war, it remained the only country to maintain its gold standard, doing so without restriction on import or export of gold from 1915-1917.

The modern category of " value added " which is central to the standard accounting system, i. e. " value of goods produced less the value of goods used up to produce them ", seems to provide a neutral and objective description of wealth creation.

Neither the standard model of particle physics, nor the theory of general relativity provide an obvious explanation for why this should be so ; and it is a natural assumption that the universe be neutral with all conserved charges.

When Mercury's top-of-the-line model Merc 800 was introduced, direct reversing as standard equipment was replaced by full forward, neutral and reverse gear shifting, as on Mercury's 2-and 4-cylinder models, and " thru-hub " exhaust was introduced.