Originally formulated for two-player zero-sum game theory, covering both the cases where players take alternate moves and those where they make simultaneous moves, it has also been extended to more complex games and to general decision making in the presence of uncertainty.

In simultaneous equilibrium systems, phenomena that are in apparent contradiction to Le Chatelier principle can occur ; these can be resolved by the theory of response reactions.

Game theory classifies games according to several criteria: whether a game is a symmetric game or an asymmetric one, what a game's " sum " is ( zero-sum, constant sum, and so forth ), whether a game is a sequential game or a simultaneous one, whether a game comprises perfect information or imperfect information, and whether a game is determinate.

The EII theory relies mainly on five basic principles, namely 1 ) The co-existence of and the difference between explicit and implicit knowledge ; 2 ) The simultaneous involvement of implicit and explicit processes in most tasks ; 3 ) The redundant representation of explicit and implicit knowledge ; 4 ) The integration of the results of explicit and implicit processing ; and 5 ) The iterative ( and possibly bidirectional ) processing.

This is formulated as a quantum field theory that has CPT symmetry, i. e., the laws are invariant under simultaneous operation of time reversal, parity and charge conjugation.

The insights of the theory of special relativity confirmed the assumption of causality, but they made the meaning of the word " simultaneous " observer-dependent.

* Concurrency – The theory and practice of simultaneous computation ; data safety in any multitasking or multithreaded environment.

When more than two MPs resign at a time, as for example happened when 15 Ulster Unionist MPs resigned in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 17 December 1985, the resignations are in theory not simultaneous but instead spread throughout the day, each member holding one of the offices for a short time.

This would explain the rumour of victory and near simultaneous attack, but is only one possible theory.

Algebraic geometry is essentially the theory of simultaneous polynomial equations.

For example, one study supports the theory of simultaneous causation, finding that dyads involved in wars are likely to experience a decrease in joint democracy, which in turn increases the probability of further war.

The test results released in November 2000 seemed to back up Mr King's theory that the presence of water inside the reactors and the simultaneous shutting down of crucial equipment, generated a massive build-up of pressure that blew the valve apart

From this evolved the refined theory of ' simultaneous defense and attack ' while ' never occupying two hands in the same defensive movement.

The Experiment of Fizeau tests the theory of special relativity-that distance events that are simultaneous for one observer will not be simultaneous for an observer in motion relative to the first.

At this time, because the theory of Kacser and Burns and the simultaneous but independent work carried out by Reinhart Heinrich and Tom Rapoport in Berlin were compatible, a common terminology and set of symbols was agreed for the new field of Metabolic Control Analysis.

The exact nature of this type of reaction is often difficult to assess, in collision theory a simultaneous interaction of 3 or more different molecules is less likely resulting in a low reaction rate.

However, the limitation of belongingness theory is that, firstly, it only explains why rectangle A looks darker than rectangle B, but what we want to know is why the gray areas on rectangle A look darker than in rectangle B ; secondly, when talking about the background, Belongingness theory appears quite the same as simultaneous contrast theory, they just use different names.

The theory suggests — and seeks to examine how — various biological, social and cultural categories such as gender, race, class, ability, sexual orientation, and other axes of identity interact on multiple and often simultaneous levels, contributing to systematic social inequality.

While the theory explicitly acknowledges the importance of pre-linguistic, non-linguistic forms of dialogue, the actual research is typically taking place on the verbal level with the simultaneous neglect of the non-verbal level ( for a notable exception cultural-anthropological research on shape-shifting ).

This theory is given further support by Gorea and Sagi ’ s inducing of extinction-like events in undamaged patients when presented with simultaneous stimuli of different intensities, with the lower intensity stimulus being extinguished by the mere presence of the high intensity stimulus.

In this connection, it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited.

Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann.

The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects.

Other games which feature graffiti include Bomb the World ( 2004 ), an online graffiti simulation created by graffiti artist Klark Kent where users can virtually paint trains at 20 locations worldwide, and Super Mario Sunshine ( 2002 ), in which the hero, Mario must clean the city of graffiti left by the villain, Bowser Jr. in a plotline which evokes the successes of the Anti-Graffiti Task Force of New York's Mayor Rudolph Giuliani ( a manifestation of " broken window theory ") or those of the " Graffiti Blasters " of Chicago's Mayor Richard M. Daley.

In 1991 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Genetics and Evolution " For his powerful analysis of evolutionary theory and of the role of sexual reproduction as a critical factor in evolution and in the survival of species ; for his mathematical models applying the theory of games to evolutionary problems " ( motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee ).

At this time, Wever conducted war games ( simulated against the French ) in a bid to establish his theory of a strategic bombing force that would, he thought, prove decisive by winning the war through the destruction of enemy industry, even though these exercises also included tactical strikes against enemy ground forces and communications.

This theorem was established by John von Neumann, who is quoted as saying " As far as I can see, there could be no theory of games … without that theorem … I thought there was nothing worth publishing until the Minimax Theorem was proved ".

* The hot game of Nim – Nim theory and connections with other games at cut-the-knot

The mathematical theory of probability has its roots in attempts to analyze games of chance by Gerolamo Cardano in the sixteenth century, and by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century ( for example the " problem of points ").

We are now controlled not by binding extra-linguistic value paradigms defining notions of collective identity and ultimate purpose, but rather by our automatic responses to different species of " language games " ( a concept Lyotard imports from JL Austin's theory of Speech Acts ).

Probability theory arose from the study of games of chance.

However, in reality humans display a systematic bias towards cooperative behavior in this and similar games, much more so than predicted by a theory based only on rational self-interested action.

; Nikolai Nikolaevich Krasovsky: for outstanding achievements in the mathematical theory of control and the theory of differential games.

This work also includes the application of probability theory to games of chance and his introduction of the theorem known as the law of large numbers.

While games provide amusement by showing how messages distort content via uncontextualized transmission, Parry's supporters argue that the theory of oral tradition reveals how oral methods optimized the signal-to-noise ratio and thus improved the quality, stability and integrity of content transmission.

This dilemma situation can be described using a game theory approach for 1-player games.

The term is used less precisely in games such as chess, i. e., the game theory definition is not necessarily used in chess,.

In cooperative game theory, hypergraphs are called simple games ( voting games ); this notion is applied to solve problems in social choice theory.

* Sion's minimax theorem, a mathematical result in game theory

Loosely based on a numerical military strategy employed by U. S. and Soviet intelligence called minimax ( part of game theory ), the head of world government is chosen through a sophisticated, computerized lottery.

Many historians now hold the position that blitzkrieg was not a military theory, and the campaigns conducted by the German military in 1939 to circa, 1942 ( with the exception of Operation Barbarossa ) were improvised invasions put together and modified at the last moment and therefore was not a proper military strategy.

:* Complexity theory and organizations, the application of complexity theory to strategy

However this theory ignores the fact that the Soviet Union had already suffered several important setbacks during “ reactive and defensive strategy ” of “ containment ”.

In game theory, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary psychology, an evolutionarily stable strategy ( ESS ) is a strategy which, if adopted by a population of players in a given environment, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare.

In 1973 Maynard Smith formalised a central concept in evolutionary game theory called the evolutionarily stable strategy ( ESS ), based on a verbal argument by George R. Price.

In newly introduced doctrine, The Conduct of the Aerial Air War in 1935, Wever rejected the theory of Douhet and outlined five key points to air strategy:

In programming language theory, lazy evaluation or call-by-need is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed ( non-strict evaluation ) and which also avoids repeated evaluations ( sharing ).

He concludes that game theory ( the mathematical study of strategy ) and experiments in psychology offer hope that self-interested people will make short-term sacrifices for the good of others, if society provides the right conditions.

Among revolutionary socialists there are differences in strategy, theory and the definition of " revolution ".

" In military theory, strategy is " the utilization during both peace and war, of all of the nation's forces, through large scale, long-range planning and development, to ensure security and victory " ( Random House Dictionary ).

In game theory, a strategy refers to one of the actionable options that a player can choose.

The strategy was to compare observed Doppler shifts with what was predicted by classical theory, and look for a Lorentz factor correction.

But game theory had a little crisis: it could not find a strategy for a simple game called " The Prisoner's Dilemma " ( PD ) where two players have the option to cooperate for mutual gain, but each also takes a risk of being suckered.

Therefore, the V-Force ( by having the capability of precision tactical air medium bombardment ) effectively deterred the armored overrun strategy, of the massed and massive Soviet & Warsaw Pact armies, which ( in theory ), could have overwhelmed the vastly outnumbered NATO ground forces of central Europe in a surprise ground attack ( which did not give away tactical surprise, by use of organic tactical air support ).

The concept is close to the strategy of " tit for tat " used in game theory.

In game theory, the Nash equilibrium ( named after John Forbes Nash, who proposed it ) is a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only his own strategy unilaterally.

Assured destruction is a concept sometimes used in deterrence theory and military strategy discussions to describe a condition where certain behaviors or choices are deterred because they will lead to the imposition by others of overwhelming punitive consequences.

In nuclear strategy, minimal deterrence ( also called minimum deterrence ) is an application of deterrence theory in which a state possesses no more nuclear weapons than is necessary to deter an adversary from attacking.

Liddell Hart also stated that study of Sherman's campaigns had contributed significantly to his own " theory of strategy and tactics in mechanized warfare ", which had in turn influenced Heinz Guderian's doctrine of Blitzkrieg and Rommel's use of tanks during the Second World War.

It encompasses " military theory, military history, strategic studies, regional studies, applied strategy, campaign planning, and practical work in joint planning ", and involves " extensive travel ".