This is the chief source of knowledge of the North until the thirteenth century.

Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

About the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the popes, then residing at Avignon in France, began to reserve the collation of a great many benefices, so that all the benefices, especially the greater ones, were to be conferred through the Roman Curia ( Lega, Praelectiones Jur.

In fact, Alexander was one of the major influences for the advancement of Anselmian thought in the thirteenth century.

Hops had been used for medicinal and food flavouring purposes since Roman times ; by the 7th century in Carolingian monasteries in what is now Germany, beer was being made with hops, though it isn't until the thirteenth century that widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is recorded.

Before the thirteenth century, beer was flavoured with plants such as yarrow, wild rosemary, and bog myrtle, and other ingredients such as juniper berries, aniseed and ginger, which would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used ; between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer flavoured with gruit was known as ale, while beer flavoured with hops was known as beer.

Before the rise of the mendicant orders ( wandering friars ) in the thirteenth century, the daily services were usually contained in a number of large volumes.

However, mendicant friars travelled around a lot and needed a shortened, or abbreviated, daily office contained in one portable book, and single-volume breviaries flourished from the thirteenth century onwards.

The list survives in the Poppleton Manuscript, a thirteenth century compilation.

The movement was extinguished in the early decades of the thirteenth century by the Albigensian Crusade, when the Cathars were persecuted and massacred and the Inquisition was set up to finish the job.

The earliest documentation of a " Chianti wine " dates back to the thirteenth century when viticulture was known to flourish in the " Chianti Mountains " around Florence.

Perennialism was originally religious in nature, developed first by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century in his work De Magistro ( The Teacher ).

" The work remained unsurpassed until the thirteenth century and was regarded as the summit of all knowledge.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

" Partington suggests that some of the book may have been compiled by Albert's students, " but since it is found in thirteenth century manuscripts, it may well be by Albert.

Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Teutonic Knights.

From the mid thirteenth century to the present day all of the islands of the Clyde have remained part of Scotland.

* In eastern Swedish culture, from the thirteenth century until the nineteenth century, sons inherited twice as much as daughters.

The house of Gänsfleisch was one of the patrician families of the town, tracing its lineage back to the thirteenth century.

Kenneth Kitchen states that nearly all treaties in this period follow the pattern of Deuteronomy closely, while first-millennium treaties contrarily but consistently place " witnesses " earlier and omit prologue and blessing sections, requiring classification of the Sinai covenant and its renewals in Joshua with the fourteenth or thirteenth century rather than the sixth.

Among Roman Catholics, the Dominican Order is officially known as the Order of Preachers ( Ordo Praedicatorum in Latin ); friars of this order were trained to publicly preach in vernacular languages, and the order was created by Saint Dominic to preach to the Cathars of southern France in the early thirteenth century.

Marcellinus was mentioned in the General Roman Calendar, into which a feast day in his honour jointly with that of Saint Cletus on 26 April was inserted in the thirteenth century.

:" There it remained undisturbed for ages, when in the thirteenth year of Nero's reign, the sepulchre was burst open by a terrible earthquake, the coffer was exposed to view, and observed by some shepherds, who, having ascertained that it did not, as they had at first hoped, contain a treasure, conveyed it to their master Eupraxis ( or Eupraxides ), who in his turn presented it to Rutilius Rufus, the Roman governor of the province, by whom both Eupraxis and the casket were despatched to the emperor.

On the bank of the Gère are traces of the ramparts of the old Roman city, and on Mont Pipet ( east of the town ) are the remains of a Roman theatre, while the ruined thirteenth century castle there was built on Roman footings.

The long-held loyalty of the dukes of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Emperor had waned in the first half of the thirteenth century and French influence was pervasive leading to its permanent attachment to France in 1766.

Apostolic poverty is a doctrine professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious orders, known as the mendicant orders, in direct response to calls for reform in the Roman Catholic Church.

This explains the presence of well-preserved castles in Valtenesi dating from the thirteenth century AD, some of which are erected on the ruins of Roman forts.

Antiquities of the Jews (, Ioudaikē Archaiologia ; ), also Judean Antiquities ( see Ioudaios ) is a twenty-volume historiographical work composed by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the thirteenth year of the reign of Roman emperor Flavius Domitian which was around 93 or 94 AD.

Born on 13 August 1752 at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Maria Carolina was the thirteenth and tenth surviving child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of the Habsburg dominions.

Following in the literary tradition of the thirteenth century, the Roman de Fauvel is often compared with the Roman de la Rose.

* William Donald Borders ( born 1913 ), thirteenth archbishop of Baltimore, US, in the Roman Catholic Church

Both the Consuetudinarium and the Ordinale were basically guides to the Sarum Rite, the usual form of liturgy in thirteenth century England.

Ch ' i Chung-fu, a Chinese gynecologist writing early in the thirteenth century, for example, wrote that in addition to five sorts of falling frenzy classified according to their causative factors, there were also four types of other frenzies distinguished by the sounds and movements given off by the victim during his seizure: cow, horse, pig, and dog frenzies.

It sounded like a fair enough invitation, Peter Marshall reflected, and Bang-Jensen must have thought so too, because on the thirteenth, he met the group of three on the thirty-sixth floor of the U.N..

His remains were three times removed — in the tenth or eleventh century, at the close of the thirteenth under Boniface VIII, and to the new St. Peter's on 21 October 1603.

Anthesteria, one of the four Athenian festivals in honour of Dionysus ( collectively the Dionysia ), was held annually for three days, the eleventh to thirteenth of the month of Anthesterion ( the January / February full moon ); it was preceded by the Lenaia.

O ' Mulconry's Glossary, a thirteenth century compilation of glosses from medieval manuscripts preserved in the Yellow Book of Lecan, describes Macha as " one of the three morrígna " ( the plural of Morrígan ), and says the term Mesrad Machae, " the mast crop of Macha ", refers to " the heads of men that have been slaughtered.

The Geonic period is named after the Gaon, the title bestowed on the heads of the three yeshivas in existence from the third to the thirteenth century.

He was a member of the noble Bithynian family, which had furnished three emperors of Nicaea during the thirteenth century.

* Brosius and Koch, Die Schule des Lokomotivführers ( thirteenth edition, three volumes, Wiesbaden, 1909 – 1914 )

* Eiroku 11, in the 2nd month ( 1568 ): Yoshihide became Seii Taishogun three years after the death of his cousin, the thirteenth shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru.

* City walls: three walled enclosures dating back to the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Its clear structure can be seen Mudejar. It has three naves and can be classified among the religious monuments of the thirteenth century and fourteenth centuries, whose construction began after completion of the Reconquista by Fernando III. The head of the temple was built in the fifteenth century and was decorated with paintings of this era that can still be seen behind the Baroque altar.

By the end of the thirteenth century, the collection of the three texts was known as The Trotula.

There are three wooden effigies in the church which date back to the thirteenth and fourteenth century One has been identified as being that of William St Clere.

Muscraighe Mitine underwent three invasions during the thirteenth century ; from the Murcheatach Uí Briain and Richard de Cogan in 1201 and 1207 respectively, and finally from the MacCarthy family who had become the dominant and most powerful family in what was then known as Muscraighe Uí Fhloinn.

* May 13-Julio César Chávez becomes the thirteenth boxer to win world titles in three or more different categories, knocking out Roger Mayweather in ten rounds in their rematch, to win the WBC's world Jr. Welterweight title in Los Angeles.

* November 23-Alexis Argüello wins the first of three world titles, knocking out Rubén Olivares in the thirteenth round at Inglewood.

Initiated in the thirteenth century, it was amplified successively came to be in the seventeenth century, three fortified enclosure with towers.

His victory made him the thirteenth driver in Formula One history to have won Grands Prix for at least three different constructors.

It was originally planned to be released in February 2007 but after playing three pre-album gigs at The Luminaire in London ( on the thirteenth of the months of October, November and December ), the band produced new tracks.

His precocity was extraordinary ; at three years of age he was able to read, and in his thirteenth year he composed Greek and Latin orations and delivered them in public.

Starting toward the end of the thirteenth century, the balance between the three orders began to shift.

Although according to legend they originated at the baptism of Clovis, who supposedly replaced the three toads that adorned his shield with three lilies, they are first documented only from the early thirteenth century.

In the first half of the thirteenth century, Emperor Frederick II had three permanent menageries in Italy, at Melfi in Basilicata, at Lucera in Apulia and at Palermo in Sicily.

The title, Vicomte de Châtellerault, passed in turn to each of three great French noble families: La Rochefoucauld, Lusignan and, from the thirteenth century until the French Revolution, to the family of Harcourt.