Against the Gnostics, who said that they possessed a secret oral tradition from Jesus himself, Irenaeus maintained that the bishops in different cities are known as far back as the Apostles — and none of them was a Gnostic — and that the bishops provided the only safe guide to the interpretation of Scripture.

In his writing against the Gnostics, who claimed to possess a secret oral tradition from Jesus himself, Irenaeus maintained that the bishops in different cities are known as far back as the Apostles — and none were Gnostic — and that the bishops provided the only safe guide to the interpretation of Scripture.

Almost half of these sayings resemble those found in the Canonical Gospels, while it is speculated that the other sayings were added from Gnostic tradition.

The aim of instruction is not just one variety of the Gnostic Mythos, but the entire heritage of the Gnostic tradition, which includes: primary sources such as the Nag Hammadi scriptures, with consideration of the less reliable accounts and recensions of teachings found in heresiological texts, the Hermetic writings, and the teachings of the Prophet Mani.

While recognizing the very pluralistic and creative elements of ancient Gnostic teachings they are seen as embracing a set of common assumptions which form the core of the Gnostic tradition.

Yet states, " it is obvious that these teachings represent the distinctive contribution of the Gnostic tradition to religious thought and persons functioning within the tradition would find themselves in general agreement with them.

These changes include the addition of observances of Gnostic church fathers and martyrs of the Gnostic tradition, and the re-dedication of the Marian feasts of Assumption and Nativity to the Assumption and Descent of the Holy Sophia.

Dillon expresses the concept that pleroma is a Gnostic adaptation of Hellenic ideas since before Philo there is no Jewish tradition that accepts that the material world or cosmos was based on an ideal world that exists as well.

Such philosophical claims are similar to those found throughout the region at the beginnings of the Common Era, as evidenced by the many mystery cults of Mithras, Isis, Dionysus, and others active at the time ; the tradition continued through the Gnostic movements both Christian and non-Christian, and is still prevalent today among certain fundamentalist Muslim and Christian groups with a heavy emphasis on Holy Scripture.

Later Serrano would transmute the Jewish world conspiracy into a metaphysical one, following in the tradition of the Gnostic Cathars by identifying Yahweh as the evil principle itself: The Demiurge, lord of shadows, and ruler over our fallen planet.

* Urizen: reason, tradition ; a cruel god resembling the Gnostic Demiurge.

It is much more likely that Thomas, which has a Syrian provenance, is dependent on the tradition of the canonical Gospels that has been abbreviated and harmonized by oral transmission.

Among the many traditions associated with Christmas are the construction of cribs and the performance of re-enactments of elements of the story in the Gospels of the birth of Jesus, a tradition started in the 13th century by the Franciscans.

The Gospels do not mention an ox and donkey Another source for the tradition may be the extracanonical text, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew of the 7th century.

Although the term originated in early controversies of Protestant doctrine in the 16th century, it has its roots in debates over the Synoptic Gospels and the Pauline Epistles and the issue of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism in the 1st century, and it can be extended to any religious group believing they are not bound to obey the laws of their own religious tradition.

Rather, embarrassing material coming from Jesus would naturally be either suppressed or softened in later stages of the Gospel tradition, and often such progressive suppression or softening can be traced through the Gospels.

Since Jesus spoke in Aramaic, traces of Aramaic in the Gospels argue in favor of a primitive tradition that may go back to Jesus.

While Koester argues that these show a tradition before the other gospels, Craig Evans sees these as drawing from the other Gospels just as Justin Martyr did.

The seven sayings tradition is an example of the Christian approach to the construction of a Gospel harmony, in which material from different Gospels is combined, producing an account that goes beyond each Gospel.

Abraham, Moses, Hebrew prophets, and Jesus were all prophets of Islam, but according to Muslim tradition their message and the texts of the Torah and the Gospels were corrupted by Jews and Christians.

Lyrics had a broad spectrum of inspiration: a Danse macabre, the theme of Satan's mistress, Chinese, Native American and Druidic tradition, the apocryphal Gospels.

This is commented on by the Synoptic Gospels, which state that these groups didn't eat until they had washed their hands to the wrist, but the Gospels castigates them for this, arguing that it was only followed as an ostentatious tradition, ignoring religious obligations, and that washing the hands was worthless without inward religious obligations also being adhered to, and insignificant if the inward obligations, such as giving all of one's possessions to the poor, were followed.

There is no reference to the story of Veronica and her veil in the canonical Gospels ; the story comes from centuries of tradition.

Although no such thing is recounted by the canonical Gospels, and no official Christian tenet makes these claims, popular tradition has it that Jesus stumbled three times during his walk along the route ; this belief is currently manifested in the identification of the three stations at which these falls occurred.

Four stations commemorate encounters between Jesus and other people, in the city streets ; one encounter is mentioned in all the Synoptic Gospels, one is mentioned only in the Gospel of Luke, and the remaining two encounters only exist in popular tradition.

In this tradition the author's targeted audience, as with all other canonical Gospels, were the learned ( academic ) but unnamed males and females of the era.

Insular scribes also started a tradition of giving the opening few words of each of the Gospels an elaborate decorative treatment ( see this example from the Lindisfarne Gospels ).

Although later scribes ( such as those of the Carolingian Renaissance ) followed the Insular tradition of giving elaborate decorative treatments to the opening words of texts, including the Gospels, they did not follow the tradition of decoration this verse.

The Breton Gospel is similar to the form of Carolingian minuscule developed at Tours – one of the classicising centres of the Carolingian Renaissance, and although the form of the large illuminated letters that form the beginning of each Gospel are comparable to those found in Carolingian manuscripts, the decoration thereof is far more similar to insular manuscripts such as the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels, suggesting a continuum of cultural tradition.

By " monotheism " and " anti-nature " he did not imply a political process: he related these terms to the tradition of Western philosophy and religion, and left no doubt that for him they were not only adjuncts of Rousseau's notion of liberty, but also of the Christian Gospels and Parmenides ' concept of being.

If this tradition had been accepted as worthy of inclusion at some key juncture in the formation of the Christian Bible ( and hence integrated in one way or another among the Canonical Gospels ), arguably many modern Christians would find it quite embarrassing — especially strict believers in biblical inerrancy.

It could be said that Aalto's international reputation was sealed with his inclusion in the second edition of Sigfried Giedion's influential book on Modernist architecture, Space, Time and Architecture: The growth of a new tradition ( 1949 ), in which Aalto received more attention than any other Modernist architect, including Le Corbusier.

The combined book Ezra-Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to him ; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.

Jewish and Christian tradition held that the entire book is by the 8th century BCE prophet Isaiah, but scholars have concluded since the late 19th century that it cannot be by a single author.

According to early tradition, this book was composed near the end of Domitian's reign, around the year 95 AD.

The full title in Hebrew is named after a young woman of Moab, the great-grandmother of David and, according to the Christian tradition, an ancestress of Jesus :, Megillat Ruth, or " the scroll of Ruth ", which places the book as one of the Five Megillot.

Michael Coogan writes in regards to both Ecclesiastes and Job that “ Both take positions opposed to the mainstream of the wisdom tradition in the Bible, as exemplified in the book of Proverbs …” Job, along with Ecclesiastes is part of the dissenting or speculative group of wisdom literature within the Old Testament.

On Elizabeth's death in 1603, the 1559 book, substantially that of 1552 which had been regarded as offensive by the likes of Bishop Stephen Gardiner as being a break with the tradition of the Western church, had come to be regarded in some quarters as unduly Catholic.

While the Switcheroonie was a one-time publicity stunt, for one artist to take over a feature from its originator is an old tradition in newspaper cartooning ( as it is in the comic book industry ).

* Dianic Tradition / Dianic Wicca, a Feminist Goddess women's tradition of Wicca started by Zsuzsanna Budapest and her book, " The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries.

Vannoccio Biringuccio, born in 1480, was a member of the guild Fraternita di Santa Barbara but broke with the tradition of secrecy by setting down everything he knew in a book titled De la pirotechnia, written in vernacular.

At the height of the Persian tradition of illustrated book production ( 1300 to 1600 C. E.

Bloomfield's work in Indo-European beyond his dissertation was limited to an article on palatal consonants in Sanskrit and one article on the Sanskrit grammatical tradition associated with Pāṇini, in addition to a number of book reviews.

However, the tradition is comparatively late ( it dates from Josephus, a 1st century AD historian ), and scholars are practically unanimous that the book had a long period of growth, that it includes some material of considerable antiquity, and that it reached its present form in the Persian period ( 538 – 332 BC ).

In the Indo-Iranian tradition, the Rigveda exhibits notions of monism, in particular in the comparatively late tenth book, also dated to the early Iron Age, e. g. in the Nasadiya sukta.

Within the Anglo-American tradition, the book is considered by many as being one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century, and it continues to influence contemporary philosophers, especially those studying mind and language.

* Edwin Black was a rhetorical critic best known for his book Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method ( 1965 ) in which he criticized the dominant " neo-Aristotelian " tradition in American rhetorical criticism as having little in common with Aristotle " besides some recurrent topics of discussion and a vaguely derivative view of rhetorical discourse.

The book was rejected by publishers in Sweden prompting an open letter in 2003 defending Johnstone's book ( and her right to publish ) which was signed by, among others, Noam Chomsky, Arundhati Roy, Tariq Ali and John Pilger: " We regard Diana Johnstone ’ s Fools ’ Crusade as an outstanding work, dissenting from the mainstream view but doing so by an appeal to fact and reason, in a great tradition.

The book included studies by cognitive linguists sympathetic to the hypothesis as well as some working in the opposing universalist tradition.

Rabbinical tradition attributes the Wisdom of Solomon to Solomon although this book was probably written in the 2nd century BC.

According to Jewish tradition in the Midrash and the Targum, the book is an allegory of God's love for the Children of Israel.

In 1981 Edward Shils in his book Tradition put forward a definition of tradition that became universally accepted.

* In scholastic Latin sources, the term came to denote the rational study of the doctrines of the Christian religion, or ( more precisely ) the academic discipline which investigated the coherence and implications of the language and claims of the Bible and of the theological tradition ( the latter often as represented in Peter Lombard's Sentences, a book of extracts from the Church Fathers ).

Paine's book followed in the tradition of early eighteenth-century British deism.