The presumptive diagnosis above is designed for use where access to confirmatory diagnostic testing for HIV infection by means of virological testing ( usually nucleic acid testing, NAT ) or P24 antigen testing for infants and children aged under 18 months is not readily available.

Sustained virological responses occur in 70 % of genotype 1 cases, ~ 90 % of genotypes 2 and 3, ~ 65 % of genotype 4 and ~ 80 % of genotype 6.

A step-wise process has been proposed for diagnosis of Marek ’ s disease which includes ( 1 ) history, epidemiology, clinical observations and gross necropsy, ( 2 ) characteristics of the tumor cell, and ( 3 ) virological characteristics

This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others.

The family Filoviridae is a virological taxon ( i. e. a man-made concept ) that was created in 1982 and emended in 1991, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2011.

The order Mononegavirales is a virological taxon ( i. e. a man-made concept ) that was created in 1991 and emended in 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005, and 2011.

Gajdusek became head of the laboratories for virological and neurological research at the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) in 1958 and was inducted to the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 in the discipline of microbial biology.

The genus Marburgvirus is a virological taxon ( i. e. a man-made concept ) included in the family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales.

The genus Ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales.

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet was the institute director between 1944 and 1965, and he brought the institute to international prominence for virological research, especially influenza, and then for immunology.

In Smadel was a member of the virological team that first recognized an outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis in 1933.

This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others.

This staging system also requires the presence of HIV infection: HIV antibody for children aged 18 months or more ; virological or p24 antigen positive test if aged under 18 months.

This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more likely to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others.

It seems likely that they will be placed into a new genus or family in the next revision of the taxonomy of this group.

Neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy — instead they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful.

The taxonomy of the jackals has evolved with scientific understanding about how they are related on the canid family tree.

The prototypes are thus intended to capture prototypical diseases ( e. g., a " classic case " of a disease ), and they will be organized in a taxonomy indexed around organ systems.

In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera ( singular: genus ), and species ( singular: species ), with an additional rank lower than species.

In creation science, creationists accepted speciation as occurring within a " created kind " or " baramin ", but objected to what they called " third level-macroevolution " of a new genus or higher rank in taxonomy.

In creation science, creationists accepted speciation as occurring within a " created kind " or " baramin ", but objected to what they called " third level-macroevolution " of a new genus or higher rank in taxonomy.

Gennette reflected upon these various systems, comparing them to the original tripartite arrangement: " its structure is somewhat superior to most of those that have come after, fundamentally flawed as they are by their inclusive and hierarchical taxonomy, which each time immediately brings the whole game to a standstill and produces an impasse "

Genette reflects upon these various systems, comparing them to the original tripartite arrangement: " its structure is somewhat superior to … those that have come after, fundamentally flawed as they are by their inclusive and hierarchical taxonomy, which each time immediately brings the whole game to a standstill and produces an impasse " ( 74 ).

John McGarry and Brendan O ' Leary have developed a taxonomy of eight macro-political ethnic conflict regulation methods, which they note are often employed by states in combination with each other.

On the other hand, the Galliformes as they were traditionally delimited are called Gallomorphae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, which splits the Cracidae and Megapodidae as an order " Craciformes ".

Under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy they have been placed in the infraorder Passerida.

The taxonomy of the mahseers is confusing due to the morphological variations they exhibit.

Disciplines within arachnology include naming species and determining their evolutionary relationships to one another ( taxonomy and systematics ), studying how they interact with other members of their species and / or their environment ( behavioural ecology ), or how they are distributed in different regions and habitats ( faunistics ).

Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopsis as a separate family Pipromorphidae, but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other ’ s closest relatives.

From the 1970s until 1998, they were regarded as separate species ; however, in 1998, their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species ( see taxonomy below ).

* In viticulture nomenclature, what is referred to as " grape varieties " are in reality cultivars according to usage in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants or " plant varieties " in the legal sense rather than botanical taxonomy varieties, since they are propagated by cuttings and have properties that are not stable under sexual reproduction ( seed plants ).

A considerable number of subspecies have been described, but they differ little in appearance and the taxonomy of several needs to be validated.

Below the distributions of the four groups ( see taxonomy ) are described as they roughly occur from north to south:

They speculated that a person suffering from Capgras delusion loses the ability to form a taxonomy of memories and hence they can no longer manage memories effectively.

* Complex ( taxonomy ), in biology, a cluster of species so closely related that they intergrade, can interbreed, and are difficult to firmly distinguish except at the extremes of their ranges

While this has no profound implications for taxonomy of this species-apart from suggesting that two other proposed subspecies are actually just local forms at present -, it renders the use of molecular clocks in Testudo even more dubious and unreliable than they are for turtles in general

To state that meaning of these two is the same and that they can be used interchangeably, taxonomy creators may connect them using " essence-alias " arcrole.

In the 18th century, with increased knowledge of plant and animal diversity and the accompanying increased focus on taxonomy, new ideas about heredity began to appear.

Nowadays, most biologists, anthropologists, and sociologists reject a simple taxonomy of races in favor of more specific and / or empirically verifiable criteria, such as geography, ethnicity, or a history of endogamy.

The current taxonomy includes five species within the genera of Dekkera / Brettanomyces.

An ontology renders shared vocabulary and taxonomy which models a domain with the definition of objects and / or concepts and their properties and relations.

Simpson's system of taxonomy, however, was far from the first ; taxonomies / descriptions for the classification of intersexuality were developed by Italian physician and physicist Fortuné Affaitati in 1549, French surgeon Ambroise Paré in 1573, French physician and sexology pioneer Nicolas Venette in 1687 ( under the pseudonym Vénitien Salocini ), and French Zoologist Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1832.

The MSA ( Multi-Dimensional Scalogram Analysis ) of René Lysloff and Jim Matson ( A New Approach to the Classification of Sound-Producing Instruments, Ethnomusicology, Spring / Summer, 1985, also at mywebspace. wisc. edu ), using 37 variables, including characteristics of the sounding body, resonator, substructure, sympathetic vibrator, performance context, social context, and instrument tuning and construction, corroborated the taxonomy of Schaeffner, producing 2 categories, aerophones and the chordophone-membranophone-idiophone combination.

An ontology renders shared vocabulary and taxonomy which models a domain with the definition of objects and / or concepts and their properties and relations.

The first / second / third degree taxonomy of price discrimination is due to Pigou ( Economics of Welfare, 4th edition, 1932 ).

In addition to the major changes proposed at genus level, the species level taxonomy among several francolins / spurfowl is disputed.

The taxonomy of the Herring Gull / Lesser Black-backed Gull complex is very complicated, different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

The taxonomy of the Herring Gull / Lesser Black-backed Gull complex is very complicated ; different authorities recognise between two and eight species.

* USDA / NRCS soil taxonomy webpage

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Secondly, the double entry accounting rule requires XBRL taxonomy creators to define the credit / debit nature of monetary elements appearing in the Balance Sheets and Income Statements.

xmlns: samp =" http :// www. iqinfo. com / xbrl / taxonomy "

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* ontology ( taxonomy / thesaurus / index )

The classification of organisms can be made on the basis of morphology ( Linnaean taxonomy ) or according to ancestry / genetic origin ( cladistics ).