The Oxford English Dictionary records the first use of the phrase " conspiracy theory " to a 1909 article in The American Historical Review .< ref >" conspiracy ", Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989 ; online version March 2012.

Other games which feature graffiti include Bomb the World ( 2004 ), an online graffiti simulation created by graffiti artist Klark Kent where users can virtually paint trains at 20 locations worldwide, and Super Mario Sunshine ( 2002 ), in which the hero, Mario must clean the city of graffiti left by the villain, Bowser Jr. in a plotline which evokes the successes of the Anti-Graffiti Task Force of New York's Mayor Rudolph Giuliani ( a manifestation of " broken window theory ") or those of the " Graffiti Blasters " of Chicago's Mayor Richard M. Daley.

* ' Snowball Earth ' theory melted BBC News online ( 2002-03-06 ) report on findings by geoscientists at the University of St Andrews, Scotland that casts doubt on the Snowball Earth hypothesis due to evidence of sedimentary material, which could only have been derived from floating ice on open oceanic waters.

* Strauss, William L. Joseph Chamberlain and the theory of imperialism ( 1942 ) online edition

An understanding of libertarian values and social theory can be obtained from their publications, a few of which are available online.

He also pioneered the theory of link grammars and developed the technique of competitive analysis for online algorithms.

The term was first popularized in 1970 by Alvin Toffler, and has since become often used in the theory of management of organizations ( particularly online organizations ), further developed by academics such as Henry Mintzberg.

Critics of hacktivism fear that the lack of a clear agenda makes it a politically immature gesture, while those given to conspiracy theory hope to see in hacktivism an attempt to precipitate a crisis situation online.

They essentially point to a theory that online learning can be quite productive and educational if created and maintained properly, and hope to see further technological advances to improve upon it even more.

The theory of risk perception, an uncertainty in participating in an online community, is quite common, particularly when in the following online circumstances:

However, participants may in theory voluntarily create new laws using smart contracts or, if the user is pseudonymous, depend on online reputation.

One class of resource allocation algorithms is the auction class, whereby applicants bid for the best resource ( s ) according to their balance of " money ", as in a online auction business model ( see also auction theory ).

Another reason for why the Spiral of Silence theory has less of an effect online could be that studies do not acknowledge whether the person is more likely to speak out against dominant views offline as well.

Grandmasters sometimes choose this variation when they wish to avoid theory ; for instance, it was played by Garry Kasparov in the online game Kasparov – The World.

The development of this theory began in 1993 and a representative early formulation is found in their online article Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression.

In addition, the Persuasive Technology Lab at Stanford University has studied web credibility and proposed the principal components of online credibility and a general theory called Prominence-Interpretation Theory.

Some frequently addressed topics include hypertext theory, visual rhetoric, multimedia authoring, distance learning, digital rhetoric or eRhetoric, usability studies, the formation and lifecycles of online communities, and how various media change reading and writing practices, textual conventions, and genres.

AMEB has recently introduced online examinations for music theory and online courses for Theory of Music.

The books goes with Rushkoff as he discusses topics ranging from online culture, the concept of a global brain as put forth in Gaia theory, and Neoshamanism.

Deindividuation theory has also been applied to genocide and been posited as an explanation for antinormative behavior online and in computer-mediated communications.

* Kuo-Fang Peng, Yi-Wen Fan, Tong-An Hsu ," Proposing the content perception theory for the online content industry – a structural equation modeling ", Industrial Management & Data Systems Volume 104 Number 6 2004 pp. 469-489 ( 2004 ).

Moore ’ s theory of transactional distance in an online mediated environment: Student perceptions on the online courses ( Michael G. Moore ) ( Doctoral dissertation, Seattle Pacific University, 2000 ).

Commutator identities are an important tool in group theory.

The Clash of Civilizations is a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world.

Constructivism is not a theory of IR in the manner of neo-realism, but is instead a social theory which is used to better explain the actions taken by states and other major actors as well as the identities that guide these states and actors.

However, in the 1960s ethnicity theory was put to service in debates among academics and policy makers regarding how to grapple with the demands and resistant ( sometimes " race nationalist ") political identities resulting from the great civil rights mobilizations and transformation.

Heavily influenced by the work of Gloria Anzaldúa, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Judith Butler, and Lauren Berlant, queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the essential self and upon gay / lesbian studies ' close examination of the socially constructed nature of sexual acts and identities.

Ring theory studies the structure of rings, their representations, or, in different language, modules, special classes of rings ( group rings, division rings, universal enveloping algebras ), as well as an array of properties that proved to be of interest both within the theory itself and for its applications, such as homological properties and polynomial identities.

" Echoing Dickinson's theory that Brand's work both dislodges and disturbs the borders safeguarding narratives about fixed national identities, Sturgess argues that Brand's " work uses language strategically, as a wedge to split European traditions, forms and aesthetics apart ; to drive them onto their own borders and contradictions.

He is known for the famous determinantal identities, known as Frobenius-Stickelberger formulae, governing elliptic functions, and for developing the theory of biquadratic forms.

Rich developed her theory in the Village Voice newspaper, describing films that were radical in form, and aggressive in their presentation of sexual identities which challenged both the status quo of heterosexual definition, and resisted promoting " positive " images of lesbians and gay men that had been advocated by the gay liberation movement of the 1970s and 1980s.

It has an aspect belonging to the theory of special functions, because such elliptic functions, or abelian functions of several complex variables, are then ' very special ' functions satisfying extra identities and taking evaluable special values at particular points.

She is known for the MacWilliams identities in coding theory.

This accounts for the superior properties of Cesàro means for summing Fourier series, according to the general theory of approximate identities.

He has been described as “ the only Muslim member ” of the London Assembly, although he supports Amartya Sen ’ s theory of plural identities and has criticised the practice of individuals " defining themselves simply by their religion, without taking into account other key aspects of their identity ".

Similarly as in the Yang-Mills theory, a quantization can be achieved by amending the definition of curvature and the Bianchi identities via topological ghosts.

Thus the theory of interior algebras may be formulated using the closure operator instead of the interior operator, in which case one considers closure algebras of the form 〈 S, ·, +, ', 0, 1, < sup > C </ sup >〉, where 〈 S, ·, +, ', 0, 1 〉 is again a Boolean algebra and < sup > C </ sup > satisfies the above identities for the closure operator.

Kac discovered an elegant proof of certain combinatorial identities, Macdonald identities, which is based on the representation theory of affine Kac – Moody algebras.

The basic idea is to implement some fundamental identities in symmetric function theory, at the level of vector bundles or other representing object in more abstract theories.

When the theory of distributions was still not widely known nor used, property above was formulated by saying that the convolution of the function ' with a given function belonging to a proper Hilbert or Banach space converges as ε → 0 to this last one: this is exactly what Friedrichs did .< ref > See, properties PI, PII, PIII and their consequence PIII < sub > 0 </ sub >.</ ref > This also clarifies why mollifiers are related to approximate identities.

: Self-categorization theory proposes that whether people are thinking about themselves in terms of either their social groups or various personal identities depends partly on the social context.

Although his arguments sometimes lacked mathematical rigor even by physicists ' standards and glossed over details such as the derivation of Ward-Takahashi identities of the quantum theory, his calculations worked, and Freeman Dyson soon demonstrated that his method was substantially equivalent to those of Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, with whom Feynman shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Black feminist thought describes black women as a unique group that exists in a “ place ” in US social relations where intersectional processes of race, ethnicity, gender, class, and sexual orientation shape black women's individual and collective consciousness, self-definitions, and actions As a standpoint theory, black feminist thought conceptualizes identities as organic, fluid, interdependent, multiple, and dynamic socially constructed “ locations ” within historical context.