In the physical sciences, these achievements concern electricity, chemistry, and atomic physics.

In recent years, we have come increasingly to recognize that ideas have a history and that not the least important chapters of this history have to do with thematic or conceptual aspects of literature and the arts, although these aspects should be studied in conjunction with the history of philosophy, of religion, and of the sciences.

Easily the best known of these three novels is The Space Merchants, a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life, though its most important warning is in this area, namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put.

The traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology, and sociology then evolved into something more closely resembling the modern views of these disciplines and informed the development of the social sciences, of which anthropology was a part.

On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time " to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics ; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research.

It is reported that although Puységur used the term ' clairvoyance ', he did not think of these phenomena as " paranormal ", since he accepted mesmerism as one of the natural sciences.

In physical sciences, numerical values ( such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement ) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

High-dimensional spaces occur in mathematics and the sciences for many reasons, frequently as configuration spaces such as in Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics ; these are abstract spaces, independent of the physical space we live in.

Reacting against authors such as J. S. Mill, Sigwart and his own former teacher Brentano, Husserl criticised their psychologism in mathematics and logic, i. e. their conception of these abstract and a-priori sciences as having an essentially empirical foundation and a prescriptive or descriptive nature.

Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work.

According to their claims, these rosicrucian communities " made valuable contributions to the newly emerging American culture in the fields of printing, philosophy, the sciences and arts ".

In the sciences and engineering, the process of decomposing a function into simpler pieces is often called Fourier analysis, while the operation of rebuilding the function from these pieces is known as Fourier synthesis.

In other words, these sciences, while important, are yet only auxiliary and secondary.

The science of hadith became the most pervasive due to the need displayed by each of these three sciences.

Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World ( see astrology and astronomy ).

The following is presented as an overview and topical guide of these physical sciences.

Gerbert insisted that Atto teach him more about these Arabic princes who seemed to him more interested in the sciences and literature than warfare.

According to Kurzweil's argument, since growth in so many fields of science and technology depends upon computing power, these improvements translate into exponentially more frequent advances in non-computer sciences like nanotechnology, biotechnology, and materials science.

In addition to these central problems of science as a whole, many philosophers of science also consider problems that apply to particular sciences ( e. g. philosophy of biology or philosophy of physics ).

It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within ( e. g. ) rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells and microfossils ; it then uses these records to determine the past states of the Earth's various climate regions and its atmospheric system.

) shed their stinking piss upon it ... these false bretheren burned and rent not only all kind of Church books, but, moreover, destroyed whole libraries of books of all sciences and tongues, yea the Holy Scriptures and the ancient fathers, and tore in pieces the maps and charts of the descriptions of countries.

Besides these writings, Theophrastus was the author of several collections of problems, out of which some things at least have passed into the Problems that have come down to us under the name of Aristotle, and commentaries, partly dialogues, to which probably belonged the Erotikos, Megacles, Callisthenes, and Megarikos, and letters, partly books on mathematical sciences and their history.

Among these are the necessary credentials for admission to English-speaking universities, advanced competence in English, strong study and academic skills as well as fundamental subject orientation in economics, engineering and the natural sciences.

The first of these was a Sunday Morning Instruction School, where children were taught from " Youth Liberal Guide " and from various works on physics, chemistry, and other sciences.

" By combining these laws, Comte developed a systematic and hierarchical classification of all sciences, including inorganic physics ( astronomy, earth science and chemistry ) and organic physics ( biology and, for the first time, physique sociale, later renamed sociologie ).

Vertov believed film was too “ romantic ” and “ theatricalised ” due to the influence of literature, theater, and music, and that these psychological film-dramas “ prevent man from being as precise as a stop watch and hamper his desire for kinship with the machine .”

With these cities, ties of religion began to replace ties of kinship as the basis for society.

It has been argued that these interconnecting units of kinship reinforced a hierarchic structure with aristocratic clans at the top.

As such these species can be thought to have four tiers of social kinship, the individual pair, the family unit, the clan and the colony as a whole.

However, many LGBT people feel a kinship towards these people and their work, especially to the extent that it deals with same-sex attraction or gender identity.

He expressed the insight that there was a strong kinship between the outpouring of expression of these young black artists and the art he had pursued all his life.

Apart from these different historical traditions of kinship, conceptual confusion arises from colloquial usages of the term.

Spielberg has said that this is because he feels there is a " kinship " between Duel and Jaws, as they are both " about these leviathans targeting everyman.

This article is focused on the anthropological sense of the word kinship, its referents and how these have been studied, theorized about and understood within the discipline.

Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as descent, descent groups, lineages, affines, cognates and even fictive kinship and these are treated in their own subsections here, or in linked articles.

Morgan's explanation was largely based on the notion that all humans have a ' natural valuation ' of genealogical ties ( an unexamined assumption that would remain at the heart of kinship studies for another century, see below ), and therefore also a naturally desire to construct social groups around these ties.

Many anthropologists went so far as to see, in these patterns of kinship, strong relations between kinship categories and patterns of marriage, including forms of marriage, restrictions on marriage, and cultural concepts of the boundaries of incest.

A great deal of inference was necessarily involved in such constructions as to “ systems ” of kinship, and attempts to construct systemic patterns and reconstruct kinship evolutionary histories on these bases were largely invalidated in later work.

Yet, all these approaches clung to a view of stable functionalism, with kinship as one of the central stable institutions.

The question arises as to how these ideas can be applied to the human species whilst fully taking account of the extensive ethnographic evidence that has emerged from anthropological research on kinship patterns.

Initially, in tribal societies, these three needs are inseparable, and the kinship system is the dominant structure that satisfies them.

In the case of the Tallensi and the Nuer, these corporate groups were based on kinship which in turn fitted into the larger structures of unilineal descent ; consequently Evans-Pritchard's and Fortes ' model is called " descent theory ".

However, these kinship ties did little in the way of mediating between the semi-independent shugo lords and the regime.

While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin.

However, despite all of these disagreements, there were common elements, an acceptance of some form of nonpatrilineal kinship in the past, the evolution of family kinship structures, and a belief in the evanescent nature of the status quo.

As did Marx and Weber, more generally, Georg Simmel developed a wide-ranging approach that provided observations and insights into domination and subordination, competition, division of labor, formation of parties, representation, inner solidarity coupled with exclusiveness toward the outside, and many similar features in the state, in a religious community, in an economic association, in an art school, and in family and kinship networks ( however diverse the interests that give rise to these associations, the forms in which interests are realized may yet be identical ( Crothers, 1996 )).

One of these has been the reconstruction of the history and evolution of early human kinship systems.