In the physical sciences, these achievements concern electricity, chemistry, and atomic physics.

During Oersted's attendance at the university, it was poorly equipped with physical apparatus for experimenting in the sciences.

In the new situation, philosophy is able to provide the social sciences with the same guidance that mathematics offers the physical sciences, a reservoir of logical relations that can be used in framing hypotheses having explanatory and predictive value.

The concept of unity, in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force, in which good and evil are relative, ever-changing, and always joined to the same phenomenon -- such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas.

Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics.

The former is pursued by historians of the physical sciences who have examined the subject in terms of proto-chemistry, medicine, and charlatanism.

Practical applications of alchemy produced a wide range of contributions to medicine and the physical sciences.

There was room for interpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistry prizes, given that he had not consulted them before making the will.

In his one-page testament, he stipulated that the money go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry.

In its investigations of the spiritual world, anthroposophy aims to attain the precision and clarity attained by the natural sciences in their investigations of the physical world.

The field is usually seen as compatible with the physical sciences, and uses the scientific method as well as simulation or modeling, often comparing the output of models with aspects of human behavior.

Caltech received $ 144 million in federal funding for the physical sciences, $ 40. 8 million for the life sciences, $ 33. 5 million for engineering, $ 14. 4 million for environmental sciences, $ 7. 16 million for computer sciences, and $ 1. 97 million for mathematical sciences in 2008.

In 2005, Caltech had dedicated to research: to physical sciences, to engineering, and to biological sciences.

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with physical science ( e. g., chemistry and physics ), and life sciences ( e. g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry ) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.

Hubbard described Dianetics as " an organized science of thought built on definite axioms: statements of natural laws on the order of those of the physical sciences ".

High-dimensional spaces occur in mathematics and the sciences for many reasons, frequently as configuration spaces such as in Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics ; these are abstract spaces, independent of the physical space we live in.

How biology differs from the physical sciences.

Husserl declares that mental and spiritual reality possess their own reality independent of any physical basis, and that a science of the mind (' Geisteswissenschaft ') must be established on as scientific a foundation as the natural sciences have managed:

If numerical iterative methods have to be employed, the aim is to iterate until full machine accuracy is obtained ( the best that is possible with a finite word length on the computer, and within the mathematical and / or physical approximations made ).

Hence the value of a physical quantity q is expressed as the product of a numerical value N < sub > q </ sub > and a unit of measurement u < sub > q </ sub >;

It can be contrasted with a mathematical constant, which is a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement.

Whereas the physical quantity indicated by any physical constant does not depend on the unit system used to express the quantity, the numerical values of dimensional physical constants do depend on the unit used.

It is currently disputed whether any changes in dimensional physical constants such as G, c, ħ, or ε < sub > 0 </ sub > are operationally meaningful ;< ref > In SI, c, and ε < sub > 0 </ sub > now are defined numerical values, independent of experiment, so observations now are directed elsewhere .</ ref > however, a sufficient change in a dimensionless constant such as α is generally agreed to be something that would definitely be noticed.

Geomorphology seeks to understand landform history and dynamics, and predict future changes through a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling ( Geomorphometry ).

Although widely adopted, this definition differs in important respects from the more classical definition of measurement adopted in the physical sciences, which is that measurement is the numerical estimation and expression of the magnitude of one quantity relative to another ( Michell, 1997 ).

The history of quantum chemistry essentially began with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete energy elements ε such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy and a numerical value called Planck ’ s Constant.

This terminology may be muddled somewhat in other jurisdictions, for instance Europe, where terrestrial channels are commonly mapped from physical channels to common numerical positions ( i. e. BBC One does not broadcast on any particular " channel 1 " but is nonetheless mapped to the " 1 " input on most British television sets ).

A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor ( e. g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer ) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value ( e. g. the scale on a mercury thermometer ).

It is widely believed that the kilogram prototype standard will be replaced by a definition of the kilogram that will define another physical constant ( likely either Planck's constant or the elementary charge ) to a defined numerical value, thus obviating the need for the prototype and removing the possibility of the prototype ( and thus the standard and definition of the kilogram ) changing very slightly over the years because of loss or gain of atoms.

Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments, and numerical modeling.

Most public roads in most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads unless otherwise stated ; lower speed limits are often shown on a sign at the start of the restricted section, although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead.

As these topics are explored, many more general numerical and mathematical problems are encountered in the process of calculating physical properties of the modeled systems.

It may also happen that matrix A comes from an energy functional which must be positive from physical considerations ; this happens frequently in the numerical solution of partial differential equations.

In this context, a scalar field should also be independent of the coordinate system used to describe the physical system — that is, any two observers using the same units must agree on the numerical value of a scalar field at any given point of physical space.

In atomic units, the numerical values of the following four fundamental physical constants are all unity by definition:

A numerical value for a perception is, directly or indirectly, the expected response of a group of observers when perceiving the specified physical event.

A scientific instrument can be any type of equipment,, apparatus or device as is specifically designed, constructed and often, through trial and error, ingeniously refined to apply utmost efficiency in the utilization of well proven physical principle, relationship or technology to facilitate or enable the pursuit, acquisition, transduction and storage of repeatable, verifiable data, usually consisting of sets numerical measurements made upon otherwise unknown, unproven quantities, properties, phenomena, materials, forces or etc., preferably as those characterized over time by an increasing degree of accuracy and precision and, typically, those initially derived as isolated or dependent variable results from, or empirical observations made during, the course of such experimental procedures as are firmly based upon the scientific method and long accepted tenants of experimental design.

But even with powerful numerical computers, exploring complex physical systems still requires substantial human effort and human judgement to prepare simulations and to interpret numerical results.

It has become painfully clear that the very attempt to make the language of social research free of values by erecting mathematical and physical models, is itself a conditioned response to a world which pays a premium price for technological manipulation.

Other morphological, physical, and optical property values are also given.

the physical property values include hardness, melting point, and specific gravity.

These quantum numbers only occur in certain combinations of values, and their physical interpretation changes depending on whether real or complex versions of the atomic orbitals are employed.

" Analog " indicates something that is mathematically represented by a set of continuous values ; for example, the analog clock uses constantly-moving hands on a physical clock face, where moving the hands directly alters the information that clock is providing.

In order for the conservator to apply their professional expertise accordingly, they must take into account the views of the stakeholder, the values and meaning of the object, and the physical needs of the material, in order to decide upon an appropriate conservation strategy.

The correspondence between these values and the physical states of the underlying storage or device is a matter of convention, and different assignments may be used even within the same device or program.

Its purpose is to periodically provide the international scientific and technological communities with an internationally accepted set of values of the fundamental physical constants and closely related conversion factors for use worldwide.

The CODATA recommended values of fundamental physical constants are published at the NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty.

A bit, or a group of malfunctioning physical bits ( not always the specific defective bit is known ; group definition depends on specific storage device ) is typically automatically fenced-out, taken out of use by the device, and replaced with another functioning equivalent group in the device, where the corrected bit values are restored ( if possible ).

A bit, or a group of malfunctioning physical bits ( not always the specific defective bit is known ; group definition depends on specific storage device ) is typically automatically fenced-out, taken out of use by the device, and replaced with another functioning equivalent group in the device, where the corrected bit values are restored ( if possible ).

One supposes that the quantum spin-singlet states emitted by the source are actually approximate descriptions for " true " physical states possessing definite values for the z-spin and x-spin.

If the particles have the same physical properties, the n < sub > j </ sub >' s run over the same range of values.

Kendo is a physically and mentally challenging activity that combines martial arts practices and values with sport-like strenuous physical activity.

In computer jargon, a killer poke is a method of inducing physical hardware damage on a machine and / or its peripherals by the insertion of invalid values, via e. g. BASIC's POKE command, into a memory-mapped control register.

This example illustrates a common occurrence in physical science: when values are related through simple fractions, there is a good possibility that the values stem from a common source.

In brief, values of physical observables such as energy and momentum were no longer considered as values of functions on phase space, but as eigenvalues ; more precisely: as spectral values ( point spectrum plus absolute continuous plus singular continuous spectrum ) of linear operators in Hilbert space.