In the specific case of a photodetector, responsivity measures the electrical output per optical input.

Anderson summarizes the case by saying " The fundamental issue is that whoever controls the TC infrastructure will acquire a huge amount of power.

Preceding every case entry is a headnote, a short summary in which a court reporter summarizes the opinion as well as outlining the main facts and arguments.

The Amazon. com review summarizes Ravitch's thesis as " pressure groups from the political right and left have wrested control of the language and content of textbooks and standardized exams, often at the expense of the truth ( in the case of history ), of literary quality ( in the case of literature ), and of education in general.

The title of the book, taken from Donne's poem, which ends with a comment on " the death of Death ," summarizes this: Death had nothing to be proud of in Johnny's case.

Springboard … to Languages summarizes the propaedeutic case for Esperanto with these words:

A reports summarizes reasons for implementing ABC as mere unspecific and mainly for case study purposes ( in alphabetical order ):

Timothy Tackett of the University of California summarizes the case as such: " In reality ... the Vendée was a tragic civil war with endless horrors committed by both sides – initiated, in fact, by the rebels themselves.

This speech is often the determining factor for a judge's decision in a closely contested round, as it allows the judge to hear which arguments / evidence each team views as the most important to his or her case, and summarizes the entire debate.

And in any case, answers may clarify but they do not change anything.

The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lower case characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard.

In the field of computer graphics, an anisotropic surface will change in appearance as it is rotated about its geometric normal, as is the case with velvet.

All restoration was made using titanium dowels and is designed to be completely reversible, in case future experts decide to change things.

In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from der to den in the accusative case.

The masculine forms for German articles, e. g., ' the ', ' a / an ', ' my ', etc., change in the accusative case: they always end in-en.

Players often find that sweat becomes a problem ; in this case, a drying agent may be applied to the grip or hands, sweatbands may be used, the player may choose another grip material or change his grip more frequently.

Following the rapid change from a loose formation to a rigid line of battle both fleets raised their colours ; each British ship added additional Union Flags in its rigging in case its main flag was shot away.

But in conquered or ceded countries, that have already laws of their own, the king may indeed alter and change those laws ; but, till he does actually change them, the ancient laws of the country remain, unless such as are against the law of God, as in the case of an infidel country.

( The heat change at constant pressure is called the enthalpy change ; in this case the enthalpy of formation ).

If a user added more than one drive to a system the user had to open the case and cut a trace in the circuit board to permanently change the drive's number, or hand-wire an external switch to allow it to be changed externally.

In the field of numerical analysis, the condition number of a function with respect to an argument measures the asymptotically worst case of how much the function can change in proportion to small changes in the argument.

Senior executives need to be strong and visible advocates who can clearly state and support the case for change.

Landeros v. Flood was a landmark case used to purposely change the behavior of doctors, and encourage them to report suspected child abuse.

All of the articles change in the dative case.

The distance between two different initial conditions in the case A ≠ 0 will change exponentially in most cases, either converging exponentially fast towards a point, or diverging exponentially fast.

As in the continuous case, the change of coordinates x → x + ( 1 − A )< sup > – 1 </ sup > b removes the term b from the equation.

Clenshaw – Curtis quadrature is essentially a change of variables to cast an arbitrary integral in terms of integrals of periodic functions where the Euler – Maclaurin approach is very accurate ( in that particular case the Euler – Maclaurin formula takes the form of a discrete cosine transform ).

Kaiser Permanente did not change its methods of evaluating whether or not new therapies were too " experimental " to be covered until it was successfully sued twice: once for delaying in vitro fertilization treatments for two years after the courts determined that scientific evidence of efficacy and safety had reached the " reasonable " stage ; and in another case where Kaiser refused to pay for liver transplantation in infants when it had already been shown to be effective in adults, on the basis that use in infants was still " experimental.

Environmentalists often clash with others, particularly “ corporate interests ,” over issues of the management of natural resources, like in the case of the atmosphere as a “ carbon dump ”, the focus of climate change, and global warming controversy.

An important example is the case where is at a steady state, i. e. the concentration does not change by time, so that the left part of the above equation is identically zero.

The major change in nominal morphology was the loss of the dative case ( its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ); in the verb, the major change was the loss of the infinitive, with a concomitant rise in new periphrastic forms.

In either case, the ultimate goals are to develop techniques for assessing consciousness objectively in humans as well as other animals, and to understand the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie it.

In the context of artificial neural networks, the perceptron algorithm is also termed the single-layer perceptron, to distinguish it from the case of a multilayer perceptron, which is a more complicated neural network.

Unfortunately, this strict formalism fails in many practical cases, where the inductive bias can only be given as a rough description ( e. g. in the case of neural networks ), or not at all.

* Stegosaurus duplex, meaning " two plexus roof lizard " ( in allusion to the greatly enlarged neural canal of the sacrum which Marsh characterized as a " posterior brain case "), is probably the same as S. armatus.

In this case, cholinergic sleep on neural populations are hyper activated and the serotonergic sleep off neural populations are under-activated.

Since the peculiar, non-linear physics of the ear doesn't come into play in this case, it is thought that this must be a separate, neural phenomenon.

In one extreme case a ganglion cyst was observed to propagate extensively via the conduit of the common peroneal nerve sheath to a location in the thigh ; in such cases surgery to the proximal joint to remove the articular connection can remove the need for a riskier, more extensive surgery in the neural tissue of the thigh.

It may be the case that we can now usefully attempt to ground experience of self in a neural process with cognitive consequences, which will give us insight into the elements of which the complex multiply situated selves of modern identity are composed.

* physical level: how is the system physically realized ( in the case of biological vision, what neural structures and neuronal activities implement the visual system )

( Normally, neither the microorganisms nor the nanomachines involved in installing neural mods can survive long outside the human body, but in this case the rogue scientist uses the eigenstate-control mod to modify their properties.

This idea is supported by neural imaging studies demonstrating a high degree of activation in the ventral striatum when individuals cooperate with another person but that this is not the case when people play the same prisoner ’ s dilemma against a computer.

describe that it remains unclear whether or not neural circuits involved in semantic and episodic memory overlap partially or completely, and this case seems to suggest that the two systems are independent.

In the case of sensory memory, the model, which is psychological, does not provide a ready explanation for the observed asynchronous nature of neural activity occurring between anatomical structures – an example of this would be the reference to sensory memory being used to perform physical processes such as motor function, which suggests that once an action is performed, it is remembered for 3 seconds and then begins a process of rapid decay.

Some have gone so far as to suggest that images are best understood to be, by definition, a form of inner, mental or neural representation ; in the case of hypnagogic and hypnapompic imagery, it is not representational at all.

In the case of neural tube defects, a detailed ultrasound can non-invasively provide a definitive diagnosis.

LVQ can be understood as a special case of an artificial neural network, more precisely, it applies a winner-take-all Hebbian learning-based approach.

In the case where infectious agents are directly introduced to the brain or cross the blood – brain barrier, microglial cells must react quickly to decrease inflammation and destroy the infectious agents before they damage the sensitive neural tissue.

A neural network ( NN ), in the case of artificial neurons called artificial neural network ( ANN ) or simulated neural network ( SNN ), is an interconnected group of natural or artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or computational model for information processing based on a connectionistic approach to computation.

In the theory of artificial neural networks winner-take-all networks are a case of competitive learning in recurrent neural networks.