The Middle East ( Arabic الشرق الأوسط Persian خاورمیانه Turkish Orta Doğu or Mideast ) is a region that encompasses Western Asia and all of or part of North Africa, depending on the context.

In the modern Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a distinction is made between " Turks " and the " Turkic peoples " in loosely speaking: the term Türk corresponds specifically to the " Turkish-speaking " people ( in this context, " Turkish-speaking " is considered the same as " Turkic-speaking "), while the term Türki refers generally to the people of modern " Turkic Republics " ( Türki Cumhuriyetler or Türk Cumhuriyetleri ).

Gökalp's work, in the context of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, was instrumental in the development of Turkish national identity, which he himself referred to even then as Turkishness.

" While in Qazaq and other Central Asian Turkic languages, бай remains a rather honorific title, in modern Turkish, and in Azerbaijan, the word " bey " ( or " bay ") simply means " mister " ( compare efendi ) or " sir " and is used in the meaning of " chieftain " only in historical context.

A commemorative article in the 2006 edition of the Harvard Magazine states: Child ’ s enthusiasm and erudition shine throughout his systematic attempt to set the British ballad tradition in context with others, whether Danish, Serbian, or Turkish.

This status continued through the first years of the Republic of Turkey, until 1936 when the name of the province (" Dersim ") was changed to Tunceli, literally ' the land of bronze ' in Turkish ( tunç meaning ' bronze ' and el ( in this context ) meaning ' land ') after the Dersim Rebellion.

Today, in Turkey, the word Trakya has mostly replaced Rumelia when referring to the part of Turkey which is in Europe ( provinces of Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, the northern part of Çanakkale Province and the western part of İstanbul Province ), though Rumelia remains in use in historical contexts, and the word is used in the context of the culture of current Turkish populations of the Balkans and descendants of Turkish immigrants from the Balkans.

However, Montagu's historical observations, both in the " Anecdotes " and the " Turkish Embassy Letters ," prove quite accurate when put in context.

In time, a Slavic presence in the administration gradually became a hazard for the Ottoman rulers, as it was prone to offer full support to Habsburg armies in the context of the Great Turkish War.

A secondary effect of this event was the granting of military command over Turkish troops in the region to Ypsilanti: the gesture is also significant as a temporary re-shaping of status in the relations between Prince and Sultan for the context of Phanariote rule.

He captured Gaza and Jaffa with much brutality towards the civilian population, which was not uncommon in the context of the time, and the massacre of captured Turkish soldiers, whom he was unable to take with him or send back to Egypt.

In 1716, following the anti-Ottoman rebellion of Ştefan Cantacuzino in the context of the Great Turkish War, Wallachia was placed under the more compliant rules of Phanariotes, inaugurated by Nicholas Mavrocordatos ( who had previously reigned over Moldavia ).

In the context of ardent desire for independence from Turkish occupation, and with the explicit influence of similar secret societies elsewhere in Europe, three Greeks came together in 1814 in Odessa to decide the constitution for a secret organization in freemasonic fashion.

Turks seeking to justify the Turkish invasion, often refer to a few isolated judgements which may, taken out of context, appear to go against the grain.

(" Ladino ", in this context, simply means literal translation from Hebrew: it should not be confused with the Judaeo-Spanish vernacular used by Balkan, Greek and Turkish Sephardim.

Zuckermann ( 2009 ) mentions in this context the Turkic initial m-segment conveying a sense of " and so on " as in the Turkish sentence dergi mergi okumuyor, literally " magazine ' shmagazine ' read: NEGATIVE: PRESENT: 3rd person singular ", i. e. "( He ) doesn ’ t read magazines, journals or anything like that.

The 1982 science fiction film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan used " Amazing Grace " amid a context of Christian symbolism, to memorialize the death of Mr. Spock but more practically, because the song has become " instantly recognizable to many in the audience as music that sounds appropriate for a funeral " according to a Star Trek scholar.

Biblical scholar Ehud Ben Zvi reminds readers of the socio-historical context in which Hosea was composed.

After World War II, Classical scholar Jacqueline de Romilly pointed out that the problem of Athenian imperialism was one of Thucydides ' central preoccupations and situated his history in the context of Greek thinking about international politics.

Food scholar Terence Scully has proposed the alternative etymology of bland mangier, " bland dish ", reflecting its often mild and " dainty " ( in this context meaning refined and aristocratic ) taste and popularity as a sick dish.

The third category are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context.

He writes that it is important for a layperson to seek assistance from an Alim ( Muslim scholar ) who could guide in the interpretation of dreams with a proper understanding of the cultural context and other such causes and interpretations.

According to one scholar, this " was not only a dramatic change in the function of art, it was the context in which our present concept of art, what the literary critic M. H. Abrams called " art as such ", first began to take shape ", replacing a " construction model " where art theory concerned itself with how the maker created his work, with a " contemplation model " concerned with the effect of the finished work on a " lone perceiver " or viewer.

The misleading notion that Hinduism is fundamentally idolatrous was addressed in the context of Abrahamic religions by the 11th century Muslim scholar Al-Biruni.

In this regard, Thomas de Waal, a scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, writes about the political context of Azerbaijan ’ s historical revisionism:

As constitutional scholar Peter Hogg points out in his book Constitutional Law of Canada, however, the new wording of section 7 removed the context of the " fair hearing " found in the Canadian Bill of Rights, which meant the definition of fundamental justice was now ambiguous and could still be further developed by Canadian courts.

It was in this context that, in a letter he wrote to scholar and ecclesiastic Mandell Creighton, dated April 1887, Acton made his most famous pronouncement:

By a process of looking at the context of what is being stated within the passage, a scholar is able to better derive the correct definition.

* In the novel Perelandra ( 1943 ) by C. S. Lewis, the theme of the fall is explored in the context of a new Garden of Eden with a new, green-skinned Adam and Eve on the planet Venus, and with the protagonist-the Cambridge scholar Dr.

The Ojibwe scholar, linguist and author Basil Johnston, who explains the name in a creationist context, states that its literal translation is " Beings Made Out of Nothing ", or " Spontaneous Beings ", since they had been created by divine breath and were made up of flesh and blood and a soul or spirit-instead of rock, or fire, or water, or wind.

A pseudo Marcionism and using of biblical and other religious texts out of context is pointed out by Protestant scholar Manfred Oeming.

* General jumpoff page for the context of scholar rocks, viewing stones, comparatively within the Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese traditions.

African scholar Maulana Karenga puts slavery in the broader context of the Maafa, suggesting that its effects exceed mere physical persecution and legal disenfranchisement: the " destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human relations among peoples.

The term Byzantinism was used in a positive context by 19th century Russian scholar Konstantin Leontiev in Byzantism and Slavdom ( 1875 ) to describe the type of society which Russian Empire needs to counter the degenerating influence of the West.

In On War, Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context, and also as a socio-political phenomenon.

The Catholic Church sees as the main basis for this belief the words of Jesus himself at his Last Supper: the Synoptic Gospels (; ; ) and Saint Paul's recount that in that context Jesus said of what to all appearances were bread and wine: " This is my body … this is my blood.

While post-structural historicism is relativist in its orientation, that is, it sees each culture as its own frame of reference, a large number of thinkers have embraced the need for historical context, not because culture is self-referential, but because there is no more compressed means of conveying all of the relevant information except through history.

Indymedia also sees the incident in the context of " numerous attacks on independent media by the US Federal Government ", including a subpoena to obtain IP logs from Indymedia at the occasion of the Republican National Conference,

Historian Richard Raiswell sees this as a significant turning point because before this Canon Law had only sanctioned slavery in the context of a just war and un-baptized captives, but with the issuing of this bull the only protection offered was if the person became a Christian.

Paul, for all intents and purposes, is the living embodiment of what a man within the system should strive to be, while the Shah is a visitor from a very different culture, and therefore applies a very different context to happenings he sees on his tour.

They do however stand in elections on occasion indeed it is their believe that sending delegates to parliament as in their opinion it is a useful tool within the socialist revolution as an additional measure along with a bottom-up reorganization of society on the basis of socialism ; this places them within the context of Marxism and therefore distinguishes them from many anarchist organisations that may support the idea of socialism as the WSM sees it but not the Marxist tactics they propose.

Picking up where the first film left, the sequel is set in the context of the Vietnam War POW / MIA issue ; it sees Rambo released from prison by federal order to document the possible existence of POWs in Vietnam, under the belief that he will find nothing, thus enabling the government to sweep the issue under the rug.

His essay " The Epistemological Movement in Late 20th century Art " assesses what he sees as the new artistic trends in the contemporary art world and its context in new thinking about fractal geometry, quantum mechanics, historical will, and epistemological and analytic traditions.

The latter practice of positive social science refuses to take the distinction between formative context and formed routines as the central practice of social and historical explanation, but rather sees society and history as an endless series of episodes of problem solving.

But if the subject of drugs is introduced in the context of a hardworking family that has managed to maintain unity, and the audience sees drugs as a threat to that unity, they get a much greater understanding of the problem.

In this context, Aylmer sees a flaw in his new wife and resorts to science in order to remove this birth-mark, that he sees as a flaw in his wife ’ s beauty.

The Fellowship recognizes the importance of the Universal Church and therefore sees their development in this context.