Many private firms in the 19th century avoided the corporate model for these reasons ( Andrew Carnegie formed his steel operation as a limited partnership, and John D. Rockefeller set up Standard Oil as a trust ).

Japanese firms developed a horizontal conglomeration model, the keiretsu, which was later duplicated in other countries as well.

* The Cournot model, which shows that two firms assume each other's output and treat this as a fixed amount, and produce in their own firm according to this.

* The Bertrand model, in which, in a game of two firms, each one of them will assume that the other will not change prices in response to its price cuts.

Another economic model proposed by Naomi R. Lamoreaux for explaining the steep price falls is to view the involved firms acting as monopolies in their respective markets.

To return to the quasi-monopoly model, in order for a firm to earn profit, firms would steal part of another firm ’ s market share by dropping their price slightly and producing to the point where higher quantity and lower price exceeded their average total cost.

In this model the firms simultaneously choose quantities ( see Cournot competition ).

In this model the firms simultaneously choose prices ( see Bertrand competition ).

The model assumes that there are two “ equally positioned firms ”; the firms compete on the basis of quantity rather than price and each firm makes an “ output decision assuming that the other firm ’ s behavior is fixed .” The market demand curve is assumed to be linear and marginal costs are constant.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Hence, if firms are to produce at a level that equates marginal cost and marginal revenue, the model of perfect competition must include at least an infinite number of firms, each producing an output quantity of zero.

Robert E. Wright has developed a model that helps to predict when firms ( individuals, companies ) will be more likely to use slaves rather than wage workers, indentured servants, family members, or other types of laborers.

:" economists have no adequate model of how individuals and firms adjust prices in a competitive model.

Yugoslav economists Jaroslav Vanek and Branko Horvat promoted a model of market socialism dubbed the Illyrian model, where firms were socially-owned by their employees and based on worker's self-management, competing in open and free markets.

This model includes a significant amount of privately owned firms that operate as a business for profit, but only for consumer goods and services.

In this model, firms would either be state-owned and managed by their employees.

Endogenous-growth theory provided standard economic reasons for why firms innovate, leading economists to think of innovation and technical change as determined by economic actors, that is endogenously to economic activities, and thus belong inside the model.

This system is similar to a microeconomic model in which firms set prices and quantity based on the market.

" Industrial organization adds to the perfectly competitive model real-world frictions such as transaction costs, limited information, and barriers to entry of new firms that may be associated with imperfect competition.

The battalion chief said he had just gotten into his 1958 model automobile to move it from the driveway of his home so that he could take his other car to work.

Its weight also makes it relatively easy to move and carry, however its shape is generally not very compact and it may be difficult to stow unless a collapsing model is used.

In addition to this, the land the Ainu lived on was distributed to the Wajin who had decided to move to Hokkaido, who had been encouraged by the Japanese government of the Meiji era to take advantage of the island ’ s abundance of natural resources, and to create and maintain farms in the model of western industrial agriculture.

* 2004: DHgate. com, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other b2b sites to move away from the " yellow pages " model.

In 1979, at a time when the new Social History was demanding a social-science model of analysis, Stone detected a move back toward the narrative.

While it was technically possible to retrofit more advanced floppy drives such as the high-density drive ( released in 1984 ) into the original IBM PC, this was not an option offered by IBM for the 5150 model, and the move to high-density 5. 25-inch floppies in particular was notoriously fraught with disk compatibility problems.

According to Bohr's model of the atom, electrons have a high velocity, and the larger the nucleus they are orbiting the faster they would need to move.

In quantum mechanics, the particle in a box model ( also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well ) describes a particle free to move in a small space surrounded by impenetrable barriers.

After serious deliberation at VW, the project was scrapped entirely after a decision was made to move forward with the cheaper, more practical, Golf-based Scirocco model instead.

Go motion involved programming a computer to move parts of a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic motion blurring effect.

The motion of both cameras was synchronized and scaled appropriately, allowing both the camera and the actors to move through model sets.

Thus the waterfall model maintains that one should move to a phase only when its preceding phase is completed and perfected.

The implication of this is that it is impossible to perfect one phase of software development, thus it is impossible if using the waterfall model to move on to the next phase.

In order to maintain this quantity of models, they need to manage model versions and move on to automated data mining.

* Taper / offset / move surfaces in a model.

Action origami includes origami that flies, requires inflation to complete, or, when complete, uses the kinetic energy of a person's hands, applied at a certain region on the model, to move another flap or limb.

Fitts ' law ( often cited as Fitts's law ) is a model of human movement primarily used in human – computer interaction and ergonomics that predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a function of the distance to the target and the size of the target.

The migration section of the TPM specification requires that it be impossible to move certain kinds of files except to a computer with the identical make and model of security chip.

First, a translation matrix would be pushed onto the stack to move the model to the correct location.

* Industry model innovation-Redefine an existing industry, move into a new industry or create an entirely new one.

He then engaged in a program to move Argentina's economy towards a liberal model.

Although originally conceived as a 303 cubic inch model to compete directly in the Trans Am racing series, in a cost-saving move the Pontiac Trans Am debuted with the standard 400-cubic-inch performance engines.

The second common notion supporting the geocentric model was that the Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth bound observer, and that it is solid, stable, and unmoving.