Note that the acid can be the charged species and the conjugate base can be neutral in which case the generalized reaction scheme could be written as HA < sup >+</ sup > H < sup >+</ sup > + A.

* from reaction of certain terminal alkynes with formaldehyde, copper ( I ) bromide and added base

In the alkyne zipper reaction, alkynes are generated from other alkynes by treatment with a strong base.

An acid – base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.

More recent IUPAC recommendations now suggest the newer term " hydronium " be used in favor of the older accepted term " oxonium " to illustrate reaction mechanisms such as those defined in the Brønsted – Lowry and solvent system definitions more clearly, with the Arrhenius definition serving as a simple general outline of acid – base character.

The first synthetic β-lactam was prepared by Hermann Staudinger in 1907 by reaction of the Schiff base of aniline and benzaldehyde with diphenylketene in a cycloaddition:

According to Brønsted – Lowry acid-base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction ; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion.

Illustrative is the base-catalysed hydrolysis of esters, where the produced carboxylic acid immediately reacts with the base catalyst and thus the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards hydrolysis.

: < small > Acid-base reaction, HA: acid, B: Base, A < sup >–</ sup >: conjugated base, HB < sup >+</ sup >: conjugated acid </ small >

The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid / base and conjugated base / acid are always in equilibrium.

A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt.

In contrast to the E1 eliminations, different stereochemical configurations are possible for the reaction product in the E2 mechanism, because the attack of the base preferentially occurs in the anti-position with respect to the leaving group.

It was the largest party in Dáil Éireann at every general election from the 1932 general election until the 2011 general election, when it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state, a loss described as " historic " in its proportions, where it saw its electoral support base diminished by 75 %, as a reaction to the intervention, and in the running of the Irish economy, of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010.

The reaction with a strong base gives the corresponding enolate, often by deprotonation of the enol.

Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to ~ 10 kilo base pairs ( kb ), although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size. The reaction produces a limited amount of final amplified product that is governed by the available reagents in the reaction and the feedback-inhibition of the reaction products.

Sodium hydride is used as a base for various reactions ( such as the aldol reaction ) in organic chemistry, and as a reducing agent in inorganic chemistry.

In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

Under these conditions, blading becomes strictly a reaction type design with the base of the blade solely impulse.

Urethane foams are, basically, reaction products of hydroxyl-rich materials and polyisocyanates ( usually tolylene diisocyanate ).

This reaction is usually performed in LPCVD systems, with either pure silane feedstock, or a solution of silane with 70 – 80 % nitrogen.

An elementary reaction involves a few molecules, usually one or two, because of the low probability for several molecules to meet at a certain time.

* Reactant concentrations, which usually make the reaction happen at a faster rate if raised through increased collisions per unit time.

This process usually takes the form of a chain reaction, for example in the reaction of alkanes with halogens.

The reaction takes place in the active site, a small part of the enzyme which is usually found in a cleft or pocket lined by amino acid residues, and the rest of the enzyme is used mainly for stabilization.

By studying how quickly the reagent species disappears in the presence of differing concentrations of a ( usually stable ) co-reagent species the reaction rate constant at the low temperature of the CRESU flow can be determined.

Leading into each break in the show, one of the hosts leads up to the network identification with a humorous take on a disgusted reaction of some usually famous person to hearing that identification.

The reaction of transition metal carbides with water is very slow and is usually neglected.

Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out.

Nonthermal motors usually are powered by a chemical reaction, but are not heat engines.

In thermodynamics, the term exothermic (" outside heating ") describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system, usually in the form of heat, but also in the form of light ( e. g. a spark, flame, or explosion ), electricity ( e. g. a battery ), or sound ( e. g. burning hydrogen ).

Fundamentalism is the demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology, primarily to promote continuity and accuracy.

Fission as encountered in the modern world is usually a deliberately-produced manmade nuclear reaction induced by a neutron.

These issues can determine the relative stability of short-lived reactive intermediates, which usually directly determine the path of the reaction.

It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction ( see shot reverse shot ).

Indeed, even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular single-photon bound-electron interaction, the result is also subject to statistical processes and is not guaranteed, albeit the photon has certainly disappeared and a bound electron has been excited ( usually K or L shell electrons at nuclear ( gamma ray ) energies ).

( also known as a condensation reaction ), and usually occurs

As with potassium ( which is slightly less reactive ) and caesium ( which is slightly more reactive ), rubidium's reaction with water is usually vigorous enough to ignite the hydrogen gas it liberates.

The analysis of VNTR alleles continues, but is now usually performed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) methods.

These stories usually focus on the alienation that these beings feel as well as society's reaction to them.

That slow, partial decomposition is usually accelerated by the presence of water, since hydrolysis is the other half of the reversible reaction equation of formation of weak salts.

There are usually multiple reactions proceeding simultaneously in any natural reaction system, including those in biology.