Cross-section view of SLR system: 1: Front-mount lens ( four-element Tessar design ) 2: Reflex mirror at 45-degree angle 3: Focal plane shutter 4: Film or sensor 5: Focusing screen 6: Condenser lens 7: Optical glass pentaprism ( or pentamirror ) 8: Eyepiece ( can have diopter correction ability )

One unusual design, the Olympus Pen half-frame 35 mm SLR system, manufactured by Olympus in Japan, used a rotary focal-plane shutter mechanism that was extremely simple and elegant in design.

Rollei later switched to a camera system of leaf-shutter design, ( i. e., the 6006 and 6008 reflexes to name a few ) and their current medium-format SLRs are now all of the between-the-lens shutter design.

** MPP MicroPress — English design focal plane shutter camera from 1950s, based on top rangefinder Speed Graphic

This type of toilet is also used on most Russian older style trains, made in Eastern Germany ( factory, design dated probably to the 50s ), employing a pan-like shutter valve discharging waste directly on the railway.

In camera design, a focal-plane shutter is a type of photographic shutter that is positioned immediately in front of the focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front of the photographic film or image sensor.

In addition, Squares came from the supplier as complete drop-in modules, so camera designers could concentrate on camera design and leave shutter design to specialist subcontractors.

He helped design guided missile controls and was awarded patents for infrared and light sensing devices for bomb guidance, glide bomb controls, a camera shutter and a new type of gyroscope.

By contrast, the competitive Leica followed the established design of using rubberized fabric shutter curtains wound around rollers, moving horizontally.

The Contax design allowed a higher maximum shutter speed: the top speed was 1 / 1000s, then increased to 1 / 1250s in the Contax II.

But greater accuracy in time-increments and consistency in exposure rates of successive frames are better achieved through a device that connects to the camera's shutter system ( camera design permitting ) called an intervalometer.

Adjusting the shutter angle on a film camera ( if its design allows ), can add or reduce the amount of motion blur by changing the amount of time that the film frame is actually exposed to light.

Also the camera had a superior shutter assembly in a brass housing rather than the earlier aluminium design.

This design is an improved electronically controlled version of the mechanical shutter introduced in the Nikon FM2, with eight honeycomb-patterned blades instead of nine and shutter curtain travel time further reduced to 3. 3 milliseconds from 3. 6 milliseconds.

Nikon abandoned the earlier mechanically operated shutter of the F2 for a modern, electronically controlled, horizontally traveled metal curtain design.

The new shutter proved to be equally reliable and less maintenance-intensive overall, though the decision to retain the horizontal-travel design significantly limited its top flash sync speed ( 1 / 80 sec.

The battery door design was subject to frequent breakage, and over time owners have reported instances of shutter and mechanical gremlins, including mirror linkage wear ( the " Canon squeal ").

In the years since the AE-1 Program was introduced, this shutter design has also proven to be more maintenance-intensive than modern vertical-travel metal blade designs.

A trademark of Cape Cod home design, the shutter is now an aesthetic element instead of a functional one.

Using a focal-plane shutter, exposing the whole film plane can take much longer than the exposure time.

FP bulbs burned close to full brightness for the full X-sync time, exposing the whole frame even at high shutter speeds.

Special flashbulbs were designed which had a prolonged burn, illuminating the scene for the whole time taken by a focal plane shutter slit to move across the film.

When using a focal-plane shutter with a flash, if the shutter is set at its X-sync speed or slower the whole frame will be exposed when the flash fires ( otherwise only a band of the film will be exposed ).

It could utilize a whole array of accessories, such as a close-up lens ( 1: 1 @ 5 inches ), electrical remote shutter release, tripod mount and an Ever-Ready carrying case that hung from the neck and unfolded in concert with the camera.

Audiences still interpret motion at rates as low as ten frames per second or slower ( as in a flipbook ), but the flicker caused by the shutter of a film projector is distracting below the 16-frame threshold.

In physical film systems, it is necessary to pull down the film frame, and this pulling-down needs to be obscured by a shutter to avoid the appearance of blurring ; therefore, there needs to be at least one flicker per frame in film.

* Taking pictures without flash by increasing the ambient lighting, opening the lens aperture, using a faster film or detector, or reducing the shutter speed.

" A three-blade shutter projecting a 16 fps film would slightly surpass this mark, giving the audience 48 images per second.

When the shutter is released, the mirror moves out of the light path, and the light shines directly onto the film ( or in the case of a DSLR, the CCD or CMOS imaging sensor ).

When an image is taken, the mirror moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter ( 3 ) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor ( 4 ) in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.

Almost all contemporary SLRs use a focal-plane shutter located in front of the film plane, which prevents the light from reaching the film even if the lens is removed, except when the shutter is actually released during the exposure.

Early focal-plane shutters designed from the 1930s onwards usually consisted of two curtains that travelled horizontally across the film gate: an opening shutter curtain followed by a closing shutter curtain.

If the shutter is part of a lens assembly some other mechanism is required to ensure that no light reaches the film between exposures.

Hasselblads use an auxiliary shutter blind situated behind the lens mount and the mirror system to prevent the fogging of film.

It creates the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter.

A typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per second as long as the user holds down the shutter button, or until the shutter button is pressed a second time.

The focal-plane shutter operates as close to the film plane as possible and consists of cloth curtains that are pulled across the film plane with a carefully determined gap between the two curtains ( typically running horizontally ) or consisting of a series of metal plates ( typically moving vertically ) just in front of the film plane.

The focal-plane shutter is primarily associated with the single lens reflex type of cameras, since covering the film rather than blocking light passing through the lens allows the photographer to view through the lens at all times except during the exposure itself.

Professional medium format SLR cameras ( typically using 120 / 220 roll film ) use a hybrid solution, since such a large focal-plane shutter would be difficult to make and / or may run slowly.

Serial time encoded amplified microscopy ( STEAM ) is an imaging method that provides ultrafast shutter speed and frame rate, by using optical image amplification to circumvent the fundamental trade-off between sensitivity and speed, and a single-pixel photodetector to eliminate the need for a detector array and readout time limitations The method is at least 1000 times faster than the state-of-the-art CCD and CMOS cameras.

They differ, though, in usually being formed of several slats or blades, rather than single curtains as with horizontal designs, as there is rarely enough room above and below the frame for a one-piece shutter.

For example an exposure of 1 / 1000 second may be achieved by the shutter curtains moving across the film plane in 1 / 50th of a second but with the two curtains only separated by 1 / 20th of the frame width.

* " Smear animation :" movement is rapid and portrayed in only three frames: the beginning state, the ending state, and a " blur " frame similar to that of a picture taken with a camera that had a low shutter speed.

The perforation in the film is invisible to viewers, as the intermittent shutter blocks the light as the film is pulled through the gate to the next frame.

Temporal aliasing frequencies in video and cinematography are determined by the frame rate of the camera, but the relative intensity of the aliased frequencies is determined by the shutter timing ( exposure time ) or the use of a temporal aliasing reduction filter during filming.

A slightly slower shutter speed will allow the photographer to introduce an element of blur, either in the subject, where, in our example, the feet, which are the fastest moving element in the frame, might be blurred while the rest remains sharp ; or if the camera is panned to follow a moving subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains sharp.

The shutter rotation is synchronized with film being pulled through the gate, hence shutter speed is a function of the frame rate and shutter angle.

With traditional shutter angle of 180 ° film is exposed for 1 / 48 second at 24 frame / s.

Without this simulated effect each frame shows a perfect instant in time ( analogous to a camera with an infinitely fast shutter ), with zero motion blur.

Motion-control also requires control over other photographic elements, such as frame rates, focus, and shutter speeds.

* Movie projector shutter, used to interrupt the emitted light during the time the film is advanced to the next frame

When the shutter is completely covering the film gate, the film strip is being moved one frame further by one or two claws which advance the film by engaging and pulling it through the perforations.

For example, Motion-Picture-specific metadata include perforation-exact film KeyKode ( if the image comes from a film scan ), camera shutter angle, slate information and frame positioning within a frame sequence.

As described by Robinson, a rapidly spinning shutter " permitted a flash of light so brief that frame appeared to be frozen.

Figure 3: After the required amount of exposure the second shutter curtain moves to the left to cover the frame aperture.

For example, the shutter curtains actually roll on and off spools at either side of the frame aperture so as to use as little space as possible.

Figure 3: The first shutter curtain continues to travel across the frame aperture followed by the second curtain.