Although polyphenols have antioxidant effects in vitro, they can act as pro-oxidants in others.

For example, the identity of proteins of the immune system ( e. g. antibodies ), and the mechanism by which they recognize and bind to foreign antigens would remain very obscure if not for the extensive use of in vitro work to isolate the proteins, identify the cells and genes that produce them, study the physical properties of their interaction with antigens, and identify how those interactions lead to cellular signals that activate other components of the immune system.

In vitro and in vivo tests of these soils indicate that they release biologically important quantities of minerals like calcium and sodium, as well as absorbing substantial quantities of small charged compounds such as alkaloids.

The term in vitro, from the Latin meaning in glass, is used, because early biological experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism from which they came, were carried out in glass containers such as beakers, test tubes, or petri dishes.

It is not clear whether these tetraploid cells simply tend to arise during in vitro cell culture or whether they are also present in placental cells in vivo.

Prior to the development of in vitro fertilization in the 1970s, all babies inherited their mitochondrial DNA from the woman in whose uterus they had developed.

Conception, in vitro, is attempted when the sperm is thawed and introduced to the ' fresh ' eggs, the frozen eggs are thawed and sperm is placed with the eggs and together they are placed back into the uterus or a frozen embryo is introduced to the uterus.

Although retrotransposons usually create copies of themselves, it has been shown in an in vitro system that they can create retrotransposed copies of random genes, too.

Tanya herself was pregnant to her gay best friend and flatmate Sean: as platonic friends with little prospect of parenthood presenting itself, they planned to become parents together and Tanya had undergone in vitro fertilisation.

During the 1990s, an in vitro test of Aramid fibers showed they exhibited " many of the same effects on epithelial cells as did asbestos, including increased radiolabeled nucleotide incorporation into DNA and induction of ODC ( ornithine decarboxylase ) enzyme activity ", raising the possibility of carcinogenic implications.

In many cases the in vitro tests are better than animal tests because they can be used to develop safer products.

Furthermore, when incubated in vitro with either mitogens or specific antigens, they produce specific antibodies against diphtheria toxoid, poliovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli.

Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments.

A long-term goal for in vitro meat laboratories would be to grow fully developed muscle tissue after they made the first-generational products economically feasible for most people.

In 2001, dermatologist Wiete Westerhof from the University of Amsterdam, medical doctor Willem van Eelen, and businessman Willem van Kooten announced that they had filed for a worldwide patent on a process to produce in vitro meat.

In vitro studies concluded that females with current or past breast cancer should be aware of the risks of potential tumor growth when taking soy products, as they can stimulate the growth of estrogen receptor-positive cells in vitro.

" The phrase was coined in 1989 as an analogy to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology ( see also systems biology ) and refer to experiments done in living organisms, outside of living organisms, and where they are found in nature, respectively.

She and her husband " Alagappan " were childless for 28 years due to lack of sufficient number of his sperms ( oligospermia ), so they decided to go through in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) with oocytes donation and intra cytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ).

There are also some Christian leaders ( especially Catholic ) who are concerned about all in vitro fertility therapies because they disrupt the natural act of conceiving a child where gamete donations, both egg and sperm donations, are seen to " compromise the marital bond and family integrity ".

In 2009 the governing Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) party passed a very controversial law restricting access to in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) solely to married couples and heterosexual couples who could prove that they had been cohabitating for at least three years.

There is no legal right to assisted reproduction procedures for lesbian couples, such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, but they are not explicitly banned either.

These mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated but it seems that while antigen presenting cells are activated by S. mutans in vitro, they fail to respond in vivo.

This made it possible to test if laminins could have a significant role in vitro as they have in the human body.

Recent studies have also suggested that activation of CB < sub > 1 </ sub > receptors in human and rodent cardiomyocytes, coronary artery endothelial and inflammatory cells promotes activation of mitogen-activated protein ( MAP ) kinases p38 and JNK, reactive oxygen species generation, cell death, and cardiovascular inflammatory response both in vitro, as well as in models of heart failure, atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation.

; Vasospastic angina: Amlodipine has been demonstrated to block constriction and restore blood flow in coronary arteries and arterioles in response to calcium, potassium, epinephrine, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 analog in experimental animal models and in human coronary vessels in vitro.

In research into the association between C. pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, serological testing, direct pathologic analysis of plaques and in vitro testing suggest chronic infection with C. pneumoniae may be a risk factor for development of atherosclerotic plaques.

These NK cells have been shown to have the ability to elicit cell cytotoxicity in vitro, however at a lower level than peripheral NK cells, despite containing perforin.

In autologous immune enhancement therapy ( AIET ) the in vitro expanded NK cells are used along with T cells taken from the patients own peripheral blood and cultured without using feeder layers or animal serum.

The inhibition of PDE5 in these tissues by sildenafil may be the basis for the enhanced platelet antiaggregatory activity of nitric oxide observed in vitro, an inhibition of platelet thrombus formation in vivo and peripheral arterial-venous dilatation in vivo.

To evaluate peripheral lymphocyte function, T and B cell quantitation and in vitro responses to three nonspecific mitogens were studied in 34 persons with highest PBB levels ( mean: 787 ppb ), and in 56 with low levels ( mean: 2. 8 ppb ).

The extracts are generally no longer used to reduce or inhibit tumor growth, for which verifiable results have been found in vitro and in animal studies but not in humans, but instead to improve the patients ' quality of life and to reduce tumor-induced symptoms and the side-effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

These compounds have shown possible activity as anti-cancer agents in vitro.

Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse is not recommended to treat candidiasis, but is effective as prophylaxis ; chlorine dioxide rinse was found to have similar in vitro effectiveness against Candida.

New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against in in vitro studies.

In vitro () studies in experimental biology are those that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings in order to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms.

The number of protofilaments can vary ; microtubules made up of 14 protofilaments have been seen in vitro.

Studies looking at gene activation in vivo and, more astonishingly, remodelling in vitro have revealed that chromatin remodeling events and transcription-factor binding are cyclical and periodic in nature.

While data from in vitro experiments suggest many dissimilar roles, studies on PrP knockout mice have provided only limited information because these animals exhibit only minor abnormalities.

Mutational clouds as predicted by the quasispecies model have been observed in RNA viruses and in in vitro RNA replication.

There have been successful breeding programs, including the use of in vitro fertilisation, in zoos around the world.

* Some Tocotrienols, especially delta-and gamma-tocotrienols, are being promoted as statin alternative non-prescription agents to treat high cholesterol, having been shown in vitro to have an effect.

It is theoretically possible for certain mutant androgen receptors to function without androgens ; in vitro studies have demonstrated that a mutant androgen receptor protein can induce transcription in the absence of androgen if its steroid binding domain is deleted.

Berry pigments are usually antioxidants in vitro and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) that is high among plant foods.

In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that insulin may modulate the shift of Mg from extracellular to intracellular space.

President Chinchilla, whose strong Catholic views have won her to be named officially as Preferred Daughter of the Virgin Mary has not publicly stated her position on the question of in vitro fertilisation.

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.

As fertility technology has advanced, more lesbians have become mothers through in vitro fertilization.

They have been shown to promote plant tissue growth, somatic embryogenesis from in vitro cultures, and flowering.

In strict ovarian primogeniture ( which was the same as uterine primogeniture until the development of " in vitro fertilization " in the 1970s, and still is the same in nearly all cases ) and in strict matrilineal primogeniture, all members of a line would have identical mitochondrial DNA, except for mutations.

Therefore, even in a line following strict uterine succession, it is possible for different members of the line born after the development of in vitro fertilization to have different mitochrondrial DNA, if either ( a ) an heir was conceived through egg donation, or ( b ) strict application of a rule of " uterine " succession allowed a child to inherit from the surrogate who bore it, rather than from those who supplied the egg and sperm and raised the child as their own.

In vitro data also indicate that the inhibition of CYP2B6 should have even greater effect than the inhibition of CYP2C19, while the contribution of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 to the metabolism of sertraline would be minor.

Silver and most silver compounds have an oligodynamic effect and are toxic for bacteria, algae, and fungi in vitro.