Almost immediately, Innocent X began an investigation into the financing of the conflict and the nephews of Pope Urban VIII who had led the papal armies, brothers Antonio Barberini ( Antonio the Younger ), Taddeo Barberini and Francesco Barberini, were forced to abandon Rome and flee to France, assisted by Cardinal Mazarin.

Almost immediately, Innocent X launched an investigation into the conduct of various members of the Barberini family during the wars.

# Innocent civilian who should be immediately returned to his home or released.

Immediately upon his accession, Innocent XI turned all his efforts towards reducing the expenses of the Curia.

Following the latter's success in winning Normandy from John Lackland of England, he was approached by Innocent III to lead the crusade himself but turned this down being heavily committed to defend his gains against John and against the emerging alliance between England, the Empire and Flanders.

The FSG brand became so renown that author Scott Turow turned down a $ 350, 000 advance for his first novel, " Presumed Innocent ," from a rival publisher so that he could work with Straus, who offered him $ 200, 000.

When Innocent XI became pope, things turned even worse ; he made Christina's theatre into a storeroom for grain, although he had been a frequent guest in her royal box with the other cardinals.

29 of the Second Lateran Council under Pope Innocent II in 1139 banned the use of crossbows against Christians.

Philip may have provided him with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John.

The complaints of the two main preaching orders of the period, the Dominicans and the Franciscans, against the moral corruption of the Church, to some extent echoed those of the heretical movements, but they were doctrinally conventional, and were enlisted by Pope Innocent III in the fight against heresy.

Pope Innocent III ( d. 1216 ; mural 1219 ) Some barons began to conspire against King John in 1209 and 1212 ; promises made to the northern barons and John's submission to universal rule of the papacy in 1213 delayed a French invasion.

One of the most important early works dedicated to criticism of Machiavelli, especially The Prince, was that of the Huguenot, Innocent Gentillet, whose work commonly referred to as Discourse against Machiavelli or Anti Machiavel was published in Geneva in 1576.

Pope Celestine III proclaimed a crusade against the Baltic heathens in 1195, which was reiterated by Pope Innocent III and a crusading expedition led by Meinhard's successor, Bishop Berthold of Hanover, landed in Livonia ( part of present-day Latvia, surrounding the Gulf of Riga ) in 1198.

At the same time, Innocent encouraged the cities in Tuscany to form a league, called the League of San Genesio or the against Imperial interests in Italy, and they placed themselves under Innocent ’ s protection.

Alexander IV succeeded Innocent IV as guardian of Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, promising him protection ; but in less than a fortnight he conspired against him and bitterly opposed Conradin's uncle Manfred.

As a result, Roman factions that wished Tivoli annihilated took up arms against Innocent.

The pope was won over by the calculated conduct of Caelestius, and said that it was not certain whether he had really maintained the false doctrine rejected by Innocent, and therefore Zosimus considered the action of the African bishops against Caelestius too hasty.

It was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent IV heard of Manfred's victory at Foggia against the Papal forces: the tidings are said to have precipitated his death on 7 December 1254 in Naples.

At the same time, Innocent encouraged the cities in Tuscany to form a league, called the League of San Genesio against German imperial interests in Italy, and they placed themselves under Innocent ’ s protection.

The Albigensian Crusade, which led to the brutal slaughter of approximately 20, 000 men, women and children, Cathar and Catholic alike. Innocent III was a vigorous opponent of heresy, and undertook campaigns against it.

At the Fourth Lateran Council, Innocent III and his prelates legislated against subordination of Christians to Jews.

Innocent VI was a liberal patron of letters, and, if the extreme severity of his measures against the Fraticelli is ignored, he retains a high reputation for justice and mercy.

In June 1135, Bernard of Clairvaux took a leading part in the Council of Pisa, asserting the claims of pope Innocent II against those of pope Anacletus II, who had been elected pope in 1130 with Norman support but was not recognised outside Rome.

Pisa could then, unhindered by Genoa, participate in the conflict of Innocent II against king Roger II of Sicily.

Shortly after his coronation Innocent VIII addressed a fruitless summons to Christendom to unite in a crusade against the infidels.

During what is known as the Little Ice Age, Innocent VIII, in his papal bull Summis desiderantes ( 5 December 1484 ) instigated severe measures against magicians and witches in Germany.

Mindful of the origin of his success, Innocent IX supported, during his two months ' pontificate, the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV of France ( 1589 – 1610 ) in the civil Wars of Religion ( 1562 – 1598 ), where a papal army was in the field.

Soon after his accession, Innocent X ( as he chose to be called ) initiated legal action against the Barberini for misappropriation of public funds, an easily demonstrated crime in 17th-century courts anywhere.

Pope Innocent III espoused the cause of Ingeborg ; but Philip did not submit until 1200, when, nine months after interdict had been added to excommunication, he consented to a separation from Agnes.

Pope Innocent III initially had supported the Welfs, but when Otto, now sole elected monarch, moved to appropriate Sicily, Innocent changed sides and accepted young Frederick II and his ally, King Philip II of France, who defeated Otto at the 1214 Battle of Bouvines.

Some contemporary chroniclers suggested that in January Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that Innocent merely prepared secret letters in case Innocent needed to claim the credit if Philip did successfully invade England.

After the death of Pope Innocent IX ( 1591 ), another stormy conclave ensued, where a determined minority of Italian Cardinals were unwilling to be dictated to by Philip II of Spain.

Innocent called upon King Philip II Augustus of France to suppress the Albigenses.

Pope Innocent III ( ruled 1198 – 1216 ) declared Philip Augustus's marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Isambour.

When Pope Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians or Cathars, in 1208, Philip did nothing to support it, but neither did he stop his nobles from joining.

In March 1208, Pope Innocent III placed England under interdict and at the close of 1212, after repeated negotiations had failed, he passed sentence of deposition against John, committing the execution of the sentence to Philip II of France in January 1213.

* Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.

* Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.

In 1244, Pope Innocent IV fled from Rome, and Philip convinced his brother, Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, to let the pope pass through Savoy.

In 1199 he received further accessions to his party and carried the war into his opponent's territory, although unable to obtain the support of Pope Innocent III, and only feebly assisted by his ally Philip Augustus, king of France.

The following year was less favourable to his arms ; and in March 1201 Innocent took the decisive step of placing Philip and his associates under the ban, and began to work energetically in favour of Otto.

To overcome his lack of fortune and to enable him to fund his sovereign obligations ( court and army ) King Philip and Pope Innocent III each paid him the sum of 40 000 livres.

Philip appealed to Pope Innocent II but was refused.

He had the support of the Hohenstaufen German King, Philip of Swabia, and the more distant blessing of Pope Innocent III.

Philip succeeded three times with popes Urban VII, Gregory XIV, and Innocent IX.

The aggressors renewed their assaults, and in the year 1276 Pope Innocent V in a letter to St. Philip declared the order suppressed.