Intracellular signaling cascades can be started through cell-substratum interactions ; examples are the integrin that binds ligands in the extracellular matrix and steroids.

Intracellular ice can be much more damaging than extracellular ice.

Intracellular Mg concentration has also been shown to be effective in modulating insulin action ( mainly oxidative glucose metabolism ), offset calcium-related excitation-contraction coupling, and decrease smooth cell responsiveness to depolarizing stimuli.

Intracellular activity may also be observed using a specially formed ( hollow ) glass pipette containing an electrolyte.

Intracellular fluid may then be estimated by subtracting extracellular fluid from total body water.

Intracellular toxins must be able to gain access to the cytoplasm of the target cell to exert their effects.

Intracellular hemoglobin may be lowered during iron deficiency, thalassemia, hemoglobin C or SC and other hemoglobinopathies.

Intracellular recognition of viral double-stranded ( ds ) and single stranded RNA has been shown to be mediated by a group of RNA Helicases which in turn recruit factors via twin N-terminal CARD domains to activate antiviral gene programs.

Intracellular signaling may be slower than taste cell receptor activation since more time is necessary for the bitter compounds to diffuse across the cell membrane and interact with intracellular proteins.

Intracellular CTLA4 is also found in regulatory T cells and may be important to their function.

Intracellular recording involves measuring voltage and / or current across the membrane of a cell.

Intracellular heat shock proteins are highly expressed in cancerous cells and are essential to the survival of these cell types.

Intracellular actin cytoskeletal assembly and disassembly are tightly regulated by cell signaling mechanisms.

Intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis persist within cells and block the normal actions taken by the cell to rid itself of it.

The proteasome is also involved in Intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis of antibody bound virions.

Intracellular receptors, such as nuclear receptors and cytoplasmic receptors, are soluble proteins localized within their respective areas.

Intracellular parasites, such as protozoa, bacteria or viruses, tend to rely on a third organism, which is generally known as the carrier or vector.

# Intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, escape from their host cells using an actin-based structure, also called an ejectosome.

Intracellular Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > storages include mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Intracellular self-replication of the virus eventually results in viremia.

Intracellular existence of bacteria in osteomyelitis is likely an unrecognized contributing factor to its chronic form.

Intracellular levels of free alpha subunits are greater than those of the mature glycoprotein, implying that hormone assembly is limited by the appearance of the specific beta subunits, and hence that synthesis of alpha and beta is independently regulated.

Intracellular administration is used to produce miosis after lens implantation during cataract surgery.

Intracellular lifecycle stages are normally found in the amastigote form.

Intracellular levels of potassium decrease and the cells depolarize.

* Intracellular buffering by absorption of hydrogen atoms by various molecules, including proteins, phosphates and carbonate in bone.

Intracellular cyclic AMP levels rise and this then activates CAP ( catabolite activator protein ), which is involved in the catabolite repression system, also known as glucose effect.

Ke, Y., Wang, L., Pyle, W. G., de Tombe, P. P., and Solaro, R. J. Intracellular localization and functional effects of P21-activated kinase-1 ( Pak1 ) in cardiac myocytes.

" Self " antigens are usually tolerated by the immune system, whereas " non-self " antigens can be identified as invaders and can be attacked by the immune system.

Non-microbial exogenous ( non-self ) antigens can include pollen, egg white, and proteins from transplanted tissues and organs or on the surface of transfused blood cells.

These antigens can sometimes be presented by tumor cells and never by the normal ones.

Tumor antigens can also be on the surface of the tumor in the form of, for example, a mutated receptor, in which case they will be recognized by B cells.

T cells cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas B cells can be activated by native ones.

Certain microbial molecules, such as viral nucleotides and protein antigens, can elicit an immune system response against invading pathogens mediated by signal transduction processes.

This treatment can be used effectively only a limited number of times for a given individual, however, as a bite victim will ultimately develop antibodies to neutralize the foreign animal antigens injected into them as components of the antivenin.

Liver biopsy can verify inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and detect viral antigens.

* hydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules, such as glucose or antigens, can be used as biosensors, as well as in DDS.

Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele ( or very closely linked genes ) and collectively form a blood group system.

Stimulation of the lymphocytes by antigens can accelerate the migration process to about 10 times normal, resulting in characteristic swelling of the lymph nodes.

* Molecular Mimicry-An exogenous antigen may share structural similarities with certain host antigens ; thus, any antibody produced against this antigen ( which mimics the self-antigens ) can also, in theory, bind to the host antigens, and amplify the immune response.

# The ogives can each be sensitized to a different reagent, allowing the simultaneous detection of different antibodies and / or different antigens for multiple-target assays.

Zahid suggests that it plays a role in both manufacturing hormones in fetal development as well as functioning to " train " the immune system, exposing the body to antigens so that it can produce antibodies.

Various research institutes have reported that using PEG can mask antigens without damaging the function and shape of the cell.

Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because microfilaremia can be low and variable.

Antibodies that bind to antigens can be recognised by FcϒRIII ( CD16 ) receptors expressed on NK cells resulting in NK activation, release of cytolytic granules and consequent cell apoptosis

In both mice and humans NKs can be seen to play a role in tumor immuno-surveillance by directly inducing the death of tumor cells ( NKs act as cytolytic effector lymphocytes ) even with the absence of surface adhesion molecules and antigenic peptides, this role of NK cells is critical for immune success particularly because T cells are unable to recognize pathogens in the absence of surface antigens.

Once activated, they change shape and become more amorphous or amoeba-like and can extend pseudopods as they hunt for antigens.

The phage antibody libraries are a variant of the phage antigen libraries first invented by George Pieczenik These techniques can be used to enhance the specificity with which antibodies recognize antigens, their stability in various environmental conditions, their therapeutic efficacy, and their detectability in diagnostic applications.