Since its independence, Armenia has maintained a policy of complementarism by trying to have friendly relations both with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and Europe.

Ecuador has maintained trade relations with Iran.

The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of the US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia Islamist groups in Iraq ( SCIRI ) and Lebanon ( Hezbollah ), ( two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations ).

He suppressed several movements, particularly Shi ' a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively, and maintained power during the Iran – Iraq War of 1980 through 1988.

During this period, Saddam Hussein publicly maintained that it was in Iraq's interest not to engage with Iran, and that it was in the interests of both nations to maintain peaceful relations.

From the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 until the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Israel and Iran maintained close ties.

Due to poor relations between the two countries, instead of exchanging ambassadors Iran maintains an interests section at the Pakistani embassy in Washington, D. C., while the United States has maintained an interests section at the Swiss embassy in Tehran.

In the middle of the twentieth century, it is estimated that approximately 50, 000 qanats were in use in Iran, each commissioned and maintained by local users.

" His media outlets have consistently supported candidate and congressman Ron Paul who has consistently maintained a moderate view towards Iran and Muslim nations.

Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of Gondophares represented the house of Suren .< ref > Ernst Herzfeld, Archaeological History of Iran, London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1935, p. 63 ; name =" Bivar_2003 "/>< sup > cf.

The party was formed by a group of communists, some of whom were members in the Worker-Communist Party of Iraq soon after the WCPIraq decided to support the Worker-Communist Party of Iran-Hekmatist ; the Left tendency was to desire to maintain links with the Worker-Communist Party of Iran, believing that group held to a clear revolutionary and socialist position and maintained the line of Worker Communism as laid out by its founder, Mansoor Hekmat.

Nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul, who was later exiled by the British, maintained that this was because the British refused to recognize a sovereign Egyptian ruler who outranked their own king ( in the hierarchy of titles, sultan, like shah in Iran, is comparable to emperor, being a sovereign who recognizes no secular superior ).

As terrorism analyst Evan Kohlman points out, " While there have been a number of promising intelligence leads hinting at possible meetings between al-Qaeda members and elements of the former Baghdad regime, nothing has been yet shown demonstrating that these potential contacts were historically any more significant than the same level of communication maintained between Osama bin Laden and ruling elements in a number of Iraq's Persian Gulf neighbors, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen, Qatar, and Kuwait.

As president, Saddam maintained power during the Iran – Iraq War ( 1980 – 1988 ) and the first Persian Gulf War ( 1991 ).

However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.

In the Middle East, the Suez crisis of 1956 as well as the preceding crisis in Iran, demonstrated the sharp upsurge of nationalism, which was as assertive of the region's social and economic aspirations as of its political independence.

Thus far the only people who have been attested with a high level of genetic, historical, linguistic and cultural research to be the descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians are the Assyrian Christians of Iraq and its surrounding areas in north west Iran, north east Syria and south eastern Turkey.

The term can trace its origin to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan when millions of Afghans took refuge in neighboring Pakistan and Iran.

In Iran it remained common in agricultural records and tax assessments until a 1925 law deprecated its use.

First was the Russian influence at the Iranian court, which prompted the Russians to support Iran in its attempt to take Herat, historically the western gateway to Afghanistan and northern India.

However, the language experienced something of a renaissance in the 1970s and spread to new parts of the world, such as its veritable explosion in popularity in Iran in 1975.

* Haghshenas, Seyyed Ali, " social and political structure of Lebanon and its influence on appearance of Amal Movement, " Iran, Tehran. 2009

It is known to exist in northern Saudi Arabia, southern Jordan, northern Iraq ( Kurdistan ), and Nicholas Birch of the The Christian Science Monitor claims there is circumstantial evidence for its existence in Syria, western Iran, and southern Turkey.

It receives financial and political support from Iran and Syria, and its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds.

Some public opinion has started to turn against Hezbollah for their support of Syrian President Assad's attacks on the opposition movement in Syria Crowds in Cairo shouted out against Iran and Hezbollah, at a public speech by Hamas President Ismail Haniya in February 2012, when Hamas changed its support to the Syrian opposition.

Also as a military precaution, the government has cleared a broad strip of territory in the Kurdish region along the Iranian border of all its inhabitants, hoping in this way to interdict the movement of Kurdish guerrillas back and forth between Iran and Iraq.

To compensate Iraq for the loss of what formerly had been regarded as its territory, pockets of territory along the mountain border in the central sector of its common boundary with Iran were assigned to it.

The Iran – Iraq War depleted Iraq's foreign exchange reserves, devastated its economy, and left the country saddled with a foreign debt of more than $ 40 billion.

The perceived threat to Iraq in the summer of 1982 thus was serious enough to force Saddam Hussein to request the Nonaligned Movement to change the venue of its scheduled September meeting from Baghdad to India ; nevertheless, since the fall of 1982, the ground conflict has generally been a stalemated war of attrition — although Iran made small but demoralizing territorial advances as a result of its massive offensives in the reed marshes north of Basra in 1984 and in 1985, in Al Faw Peninsula in early 1986, and in the outskirts of Basra during January and February 1987.

Although the war was a heavy burden on Iran and Iraq politically, economically, and socially, the most profound consequence of the war's prolongation on Iraq, was its impact on the patterns of Iraq's foreign relations.

On March 4, 1987, Reagan returned to the airwaves in a nationally televised address, taking full responsibility for any actions that he was unaware of, and admitting that " what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages.

provided that all ships using the Shatt fly the Iraqi flag and have an Iraqi pilot, and required Iran to pay tolls to Iraq whenever its ships used the Shatt.

The program was a dramatic reversal of the traditional secularism of Pakistan's founding Muslim League and its leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah, but unlike neighboring Iran, Zia-ul-Haq's policies were intended to " avoid revolutionary excess ", and not to strain relations with his American and Persian Gulf state allies.

Mirwais Hotak, seen as Afghanistan's George Washington, successfully obtained independence from Safavid dynasty | Safavid Iran | Persia in 1709 and founded the Hotaki dynasty.

Iran and Turkmenistan have had relations since Turkmenistan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Active secession movements include: Iranian Azeri, Assyrian independence movement, Iranian Kurdistan ; Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran ( KDPI ), Lurs, Khūzestān Province ( Arab nationalist ); Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz ( See Politics of Khūzestān Province: Arab politics and separatism ), and Balochistan People's Party ( BPP ) supporting Baloch Separatism.

In response, Iran in the early 1970s became the main patron of Iraqi Kurdish groups fighting for independence from Iraq.

Most of the rest that can be accounted for are refugees living in other Shia areas in Iraq, or have emigrated to Iran, and many do not wish to return to their former home and lifestyle, which despite its independence was characterised by extreme poverty and hardship.

In January 1942, they signed an agreement with Iran to respect Iran's independence and to withdraw their troops within six months of the war's end.

The country, however, has seen substantial development since independence and, although blockaded by both Turkey and Azerbaijan over the Karabakh dispute, maintains friendly relations with its neighboring states of Georgia and Iran, as well as Russia, the important regional power.

His principal drive remained the Ismaili Shiites, Buyid Iran as well as favor and recognition of independence from the Abbassid Caliphate.

Similar to the old policy of containment, the United States funded several proxy wars, including support for Saddam Hussein of Iraq during the Iran – Iraq War, support for the mujahideen in Afghanistan, who were fighting for independence from the Soviet Union, and several anti-communist movements in Latin America such as the overthrow of the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

Under Baiju in the 1240s and 1250s, the Mongols retained their power in what is roughly modern-day Iran, and tolerated the independence of the Sultanate, Georgia, and petty states in Iran as clients, interfering with dynastic succession and extracting tribute militarily as necessary.

Kaveh was, according to ancient legends, a blacksmith from Isfahan, Central Iran, who launched a national uprising against the evil foreign tyrant Zahak, expelled the foreigners and restored the pure race of the Iranian Fereydun and achieved independence for Iran.

On the eve of Israel's independence in 1948, there were, by varying estimates, 100, 000-150, 000 Jews in Iran with relatively few Persian Jews residing outside the country.

It is a secular pan-Arabist group seeking independence from Iran.

The new Shah soon signed an agreement pledging full non-military logistical cooperation with the British and Soviets, in exchange for full recognition of his country's independence, and also a promise to withdraw from Iran within six months of the war's conclusion.

From May 12 through to May 19, a small investigative team made of citizens from Cuba, Iran, and Côte d ' Ivoire was sent into the region to assess public support for independence.

In 1914 Mirzâ Kuçak Xân met in Tehran with other prominent figures of the Constitutional Revolution and helped organize a plan of reform for Iran, which called for the total independence of the nation, land and social reforms for the poor, and Islamic unity.