When the cement paste exposed to the air and meteoric water reacts with the atmospheric CO < sub > 2 </ sub >, portlandite and the Calcium Silicate Hydrate ( CSH ) of the hardened cement paste become progressively carbonated and the high pH gradually decreases from 13. 5 – 12. 5 to 8. 5, the pH of water in equilibrium with calcite ( calcium carbonate ) and the steel is no longer passivated.

For example, a second-order Butterworth filter will reduce the signal amplitude to one fourth its original level every time the frequency doubles ( so power decreases by 12 dB per octave, or 40 dB per decade ).

The inflow of fresh water in spring decreases the surface salinity in the top 5 – 10 metre layer to 23 ‰ ( parts per thousand ) in the eastern and 26 – 27 ‰ in the western parts of the sea, reaching 10 – 12 ‰ in Dvina Bay ; it also increases the content of silicon and silicates in water, which is a characteristic feature of the White Sea.

At 12 hours the rate decreases to 50 %; at 24 hours it drops to 10 %, and after 24 hours the rate of preservation approaches 0 ..

* Geophysics: Atmospheric pressure decreases approximately exponentially with increasing height above sea level, at a rate of about 12 % per 1000m.

" Hypnic jerks are more frequent in childhood with 4-7 per hour at the age ranging from 8 to 12 years old, and it decreases toward 1-2 per hour at 65 to 80 years old.

* Albendazole ( C < sub > 12 </ sub > H < sub > 15 </ sub > N < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > S ) A broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent that decreases ATP production in the worm, causing energy depletion, immobilization, and finally death.

( 2005 ) report that the contribution of genes to variation in religiosity ( called heritability ) increases from 12 % to 44 % and the contribution of shared ( family ) effects decreases from 56 % to 18 % between adolescence and adulthood.

Up till 12 months of age, the risk decreases as the age at spaying increases.

The voltage drop in forward bias decreases from about 60 volts at 0 ° C to somewhat above 10 volts at 50 ° C and then stays constant ; the reverse bias breakdown (" arc-back ") voltage drops dramatically with temperature, from 36 kV at 60 ° C to 12 kV at 80 ° C to even less at higher temperatures.

A second-order filter decreases at − 12 dB per octave, a third-order at − 18 dB and so on.

It extends into the island to 8 – 12 km and has a maximum width of 17 km, the width decreases to 9 km at the mouth ; the coastal length of the bay is about 50 km.

Individual income tax rate provisions in the 2001 law, for instance, created larger marginal tax rate decreases for people earning less than US $ 12, 000 than any other earners.

* Pressure – increasing the pressure decreases the volume between molecules and therefore increases the frequency of collisions between the molecules.

Estrogen peaks 1 – 2 days before ovulation, and decreases within 2 days following ovulation.

The tensile strength of molybdenum wires increases about 3 times, from about 10 to 30 GPa, when their diameter decreases from ~ 50 – 100 nm to 10 nm.

In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~ 10 – 20 MeV ), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions.

Sleep is often thought to help conserve energy, but decreases metabolism only about 5 – 10 %.

* Spiteful – a behavior that decreases the direct fitness of both the actor and the recipient

Note that the power injected by the torque depends only on the instantaneous angular speed – not on whether the angular speed increases, decreases, or remains constant while the torque is being applied ( this is equivalent to the linear case where the power injected by a force depends only on the instantaneous speed – not on the resulting acceleration, if any ).

Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths ( 280 – 315 nm ) of ultraviolet light ( UV light ) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern leading to adoption of the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane.

In the northern part, it decreases to 20 – 25 ‰ due to the inflow of fresh water from the Irrawaddy River.

Each ligament has a width of 0. 15 – 0. 38mm, but this size decreases over time.

As may be seen in the census table below, most left from 1940 – 1970, when the parish had steep population decreases.

The decreases in population from 1910 – 1920, and from 1940 – 1960, were chiefly caused by different phases of the Great Migration, as African Americans left segregation and oppression of the South to seek better opportunities in the North, during the first phase, and in the West, especially California's defense industry, in the second phase.

These small decreases however have been dramatically overshadowed by extreme increases in house evaluations resulting in many residents effectively paying 50 – 75 % more in taxes in 2005 as compared with five years earlier.

This suggests that willful action is in some part of guilt ; the fact that Oedipus is “ rationally innocent ” – that he sinned unknowingly – decreases his guilt, allowing his earthly sufferings to serve as sufficient expiation for his sins.

For an instrument whose payment stream is described by f ( t ), the value V ( t ) satisfies the inhomogeneous first-order ODE (" inhomogeneous " is because one has f rather than 0, and " first-order " is because one has first derivatives but no higher derivatives ) – this encodes the fact that when any cash flow occurs, the value of the instrument changes by the value of the cash flow ( if you receive a $ 10 coupon, the remaining value decreases by exactly $ 10 ).

Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have a closely spaced repeat birth include marriage and education: the likelihood decreases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and increases if she gets married.

An empirical analysis of all prime pairs up to 4. 35 · 10 < sup > 15 </ sup > shows that if the number of such pairs less than < var > x </ var > is f (< var > x </ var >)·< var > x </ var >/( log < var > x </ var >)< sup > 2 </ sup > then f (< var > x </ var >) is about 1. 7 for small < var > x </ var > and decreases towards about 1. 3 as < var > x </ var > tends to infinity.

But if quantity demanded decreases from 15 units to 10 units, the percentage change is − 33. 3 %, i. e., ( 10 − 15 ) ÷ 15.

In December, their physical activity decreases once snow depth reaches 15 – 20 cm, and will not vacate their burrows for more than 150 – 200 m. Their daily activities increase during February when the females become receptive and when food is more available.

Immediately after the surgery is complete, the patient tends to pass liquid stool with frequent urgency, and he or she may have 8 to 15 bowel movements per day, but this eventually decreases with time.

More than 40 percent of elementary schools and more than 60 percent of secondary schools in western Pennsylvania are projected to experience significant enrollment decreases ( 15 percent or greater ).

Over the first 5-7 days following birth, the body weight of a term neonate decreases by 3 %- 7 %, and is largely a result resorption and urination of the fluid that initially fills the lungs, in addition to a delay of often a few days before breastfeeding becomes effective.

Early administration of anthelmintics, such as mebendazole or albendazole, decreases the likelihood of larval encystation, particularly if given within three days of infection Unfortunately, most cases are diagnosed after this time.

The risk of short term re-rupture decreases dramatically after an aneurysm has bled in about 3 days, though after approximately 6 weeks the risk returns to baseline.

During winter time, Mexicali is affected by the snows that occur in the town of Rumorosa located in the Sierra de Juarez, about 45 minutes west of the city, causing decreases in temperature in the urban area lasting from two days to one week.

Although this results in a dramatic decrease in cost, the dilution of the virus in the pooled samples decreases the effective sensitivity of the test, lengthening the window period by 4 days ( assuming a 20-fold dilution, ~ 20hr virus doubling time, detection limit 50 copies / ml, making limit of detection 1, 000 copies / ml ).

One reason why this effect is so strong may be that Attwell et al., ( 2001 ) trained animals for only 4 days at an ISI that is outside of a range known to be optimal for learning msec is an optimal CS-US interval and the magnitude of learning decreases as the ISI is increased ( Schneiderman and Gormezano, 1964 ; Smith, Coleman, and Gormezano, 1969 ).

Many adaptations occur over a few days, but over a long period of time bone density decreases, and some of this decrease may be permanent.

Body mass increases and peaks at twenty days, then decreases when the young leave the nest after about 27 days.

There is a secondary tide, however, which gradually increases and decreases in magnitude so that for a few days in each month there are semi-diurnal tides of similar amplitude.

The industry standard is currently seven days for price increases while price decreases often take effect on the day of notification.

In addition to the fundamental period given, RV Tauri also exhibits slower variations in its mean luminosity over a period of 1100 days, during which time the maximum and minimum luminosity decreases.