* Yohanan Alemanno ( c. 1435 – after 1504 ), Italian Jewish humanist philosopher and exegete

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* 1712 – Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher ( d. 1764 )

* 1550 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher ( d. 1631 )

* 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist ( d. 1729 )

In the sixteenth century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun ( heliocentrism ), put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets.

According to his letters, he was associated with the Venetian natural philosopher, Giulio Camillo, but, apart from this, he had a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.

Count Francesco Algarotti ( 11 December 1712 – 3 May 1764 ) was an Italian polymath, philosopher, poet, essayist, anglophile, art critic and art collector.

* 1582 – Mario Bettinus, Italian philosopher, mathematician and astronomer ( d. 1657 )

Italian Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in The Origins and Doctrine of Fascism promoted the concept of conflict as an act of progress, stating that " mankind only progresses through division, and progress is achieved through the clash and victory of one side over another ".

* 1619 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher ( b. 1585 )

* 1404 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter and philosopher ( d. 1472 )

Giordano Bruno (; 1548 – February 17, 1600 ), ( Latin: Iordanus Brunus Nolanus ) born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

Elements of historicism appear in the writings of Italian philosopher G. B. Vico and French essayist Michel de Montaigne, and became fully developed with the dialectic of G. W. F. Hegel, influential in 19th-century Europe.

The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand, the Italian Renzo Novatore, the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also " translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker ".

* 1891 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian philosopher, and political theorist ( d. 1937 )

Leon Battista Alberti ( February 18, 1404 – April 20, 1472 ) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer and general Renaissance humanist polymath.

* 1875 – Giovanni Gentile, Italian philosopher ( d. 1944 )

Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( May 16, 1718 – January 9, 1799 ) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527 ) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Italian anti-fascist philosopher Benedetto Croce ( 1925 ) concludes Machiavelli is simply a " realist " or " pragmatist " who accurately states that moral values in reality do not greatly affect the decisions that political leaders make.

* 1494 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher ( b. 1463 )

* 1433 – Marsilio Ficino, Italian philosopher ( d. 1499 )

* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( 1463 – 1494 ), Italian philosopher

Another autobiography of the period is De vita propria, by the Italian physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano ( 1574 ).

The Italian physician Guido da Vigevano ( c. 1280 − 1349 ), planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a paddle boat and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels ( center of image ).

In the late 18th century the Italian physician and anatomist Luigi Galvani marked the birth of electrochemistry by establishing a bridge between chemical reactions and electricity on his essay " De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius " ( Latin for Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion ) in 1791 where he proposed a " nerveo-electrical substance " on biological life forms.

It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898.

It was discovered in 1897 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system.

Gerolamo ( or Girolamo, or Geronimo ) Cardano (; ; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576 ) was an Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler.

* 1755 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian physician ( d. 1815 )

* 1723 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician and naturalist ( d. 1788 )

* 1843 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1926 )

* 1628 – Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician ( d. 1694 )

* 2003 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician ( b. 1956 )

* 1714 – Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician ( b. 1633 )

* 1633 – Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician ( d. 1714 )

* 1553 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist ( d. 1617 )

* 1956 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician ( d. 1993 )

* 1530 – Geronimo Mercuriali, Italian philologist and physician ( d. 1606 )

* January 21 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( b. 1843 )

* October 19 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician ( d. 2003 )

* May 4 – Luca Ghini, Italian physician and botanist ( b. 1490 )

* February 23 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist ( b. 1519 )

* February 6 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist ( b. 1553 )

* December 25 – Philip Mazzei, Italian physician and friend of Thomas Jefferson ( d. 1816 )

* Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 – 1655 ), Italian rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theorist

* July 7 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( d. 1926 )

* June 25 – Michele Mercati, Italian physician and botanist ( b. 1541 )