Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* 1712 – Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher ( d. 1764 )

* 1550 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher ( d. 1631 )

* 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist ( d. 1729 )

In the sixteenth century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun ( heliocentrism ), put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets.

According to his letters, he was associated with the Venetian natural philosopher, Giulio Camillo, but, apart from this, he had a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.

Count Francesco Algarotti ( 11 December 1712 – 3 May 1764 ) was an Italian polymath, philosopher, poet, essayist, anglophile, art critic and art collector.

* 1582 – Mario Bettinus, Italian philosopher, mathematician and astronomer ( d. 1657 )

Italian Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in The Origins and Doctrine of Fascism promoted the concept of conflict as an act of progress, stating that " mankind only progresses through division, and progress is achieved through the clash and victory of one side over another ".

* 1619 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher ( b. 1585 )

* 1404 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter and philosopher ( d. 1472 )

Giordano Bruno (; 1548 – February 17, 1600 ), ( Latin: Iordanus Brunus Nolanus ) born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

Elements of historicism appear in the writings of Italian philosopher G. B. Vico and French essayist Michel de Montaigne, and became fully developed with the dialectic of G. W. F. Hegel, influential in 19th-century Europe.

The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand, the Italian Renzo Novatore, the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also " translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker ".

* 1891 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian philosopher, and political theorist ( d. 1937 )

Leon Battista Alberti ( February 18, 1404 – April 20, 1472 ) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer and general Renaissance humanist polymath.

* 1875 – Giovanni Gentile, Italian philosopher ( d. 1944 )

Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( May 16, 1718 – January 9, 1799 ) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527 ) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Italian anti-fascist philosopher Benedetto Croce ( 1925 ) concludes Machiavelli is simply a " realist " or " pragmatist " who accurately states that moral values in reality do not greatly affect the decisions that political leaders make.

* 1494 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher ( b. 1463 )

* 1433 – Marsilio Ficino, Italian philosopher ( d. 1499 )

* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( 1463 – 1494 ), Italian philosopher

* 1901 – Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian Catholic activist ( d. 1925 )

* 2012 – Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer ( b. 1947 )

At the Anabaptist Council of Venice 1550, the early Italian instigators of the Radical Reformation committed to the views of Miguel Servet ( d. 1553 ), and these were promulgated by Giorgio Biandrata and others into Poland and Transylvania.

* 1984 – Giorgio Chiellini, Italian footballer

In 1496 he executed the Prodigal Son, which the Italian Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari singled out for praise some decades later, noting its Germanic quality.

When Gianfranco Fini visited Israel in late November 2003 in the function of Italian Deputy Prime Minister, he labeled the racial laws issued by the fascist regime in 1938 as " infamous ", as also Giorgio Almirante, historic leader of MSI, had done before.

Italian men playing Bocce in San Giorgio a Cremano, Naples, Italy

The concept was much improved by the Italian Roberto Valturio in 1463, who devised a boat with five sets, where the parallel cranks are all joined to a single power source by one connecting-rod, an idea also taken up by his compatriot Francesco di Giorgio.

Three days later he was asked by the Italian President, Giorgio Napolitano to stay on as Prime Minister and he agreed to do so.

Garret Rowlan, writing in The Cafe Irreal, writes that the malaise present in the work of the Italian artist Giorgio de Chirico, " which recalls Kafka, has to do with the sense of another world lurking, hovering like the long shadows that dominate de Chirico's paintings, which frequently depict a landscape at twilight's uncertain hour.

* 1888 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter ( d. 1978 )

* 1926 – Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian activist and saint ( b. 1901 )

* 1934 – Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer, founded the Armani Company

* 1511 – Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter, writer, historian, and architect ( d. 1574 )

* 1877 – Giovanni Giorgio Trissino, Italian horse rider ( d. 1963 )

* 1980 – Giorgio Mondini, Italian race car driver

* 1988 – Giorgio Almirante, Italian politician ( b. 1914 )

* Francesco di Giorgio Martini ( 1439 – 1502 ), Italian painter, sculptor, architect and military engineer

* 1947 – Giorgio Cavazzano, Italian comic strip artist

The term was first used retrospectively by the Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari ( 1511 – 1574 ) in his book The Lives of the Artists ( published 1550 ).

* Giorgio Scarlatti ( 1921 – 1990 ), Italian Formula One driver

* April 12 – Giorgio Cantarini, Italian actor

** Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer ( d. 2000 )

* April 26 – Giorgio Moroder, Italian film composer

* July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter ( d. 1978 )