Other areas sometimes included are Afghanistan, Mongolia, eastern Iran and northern and western Pakistan, and sometimes Xinjiang and Tibet in western China, Jammu and Kashmir in northern India, and southern Siberia in eastern Russia.

Jaypala was the most powerful ruler of this empire rule over Pakistan and Jammu & Kasmir.

India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls a third of the region, the Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir.

The region is divided among three countries in a territorial dispute: Pakistan controls the northwest portion ( Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir ), India controls the central and southern portion ( Jammu and Kashmir ) and Ladakh, and China controls the northeastern portion ( Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract ).

The Para Commandos also proved their skills in lightning raids into Chachro ( Sindh, Pakistan ) and Mandhol ( Jammu and Kashmir ).

* The United States Department of State issues a travel warning advising all Americans except for essential diplomatic personnel ( about 60, 000 people ) to leave India because " conditions along India's border with Pakistan and in the state of Jammu and Kashmir have deteriorated.

India does not recognise that Pakistan and China have a common border, and claims the tract as part of the domains of the pre-1947 state of Kashmir and Jammu.

When armed infiltrators from Pakistan began entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Shastri made it clear to Pakistan that force would be met with force.

Pakistan has 130 districts ( including ten in Azad Jammu and Kashmir ).

: Ü-Tsang ( China ), Kham-Hor ( Chamdo ( Tibet ), Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan ), Amdo ( Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan ), Thewo-Chone ( Gansu, Sichuan ), Ladakhi ( Jammu and Kashmir ), Balti ( Pakistan ), Purki ( Jammu and Kashmir ), Spiti ( Himalchal ), Dzongkha ( Bhutan ), Drenjong (= Sikkimese ), Sherpa ( Nepal, Tibet ), Kyirong-Kagate ( Nepal, Tibet )

Most of those refugees who settled in Punjab Pakistan came from Indian Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan.

The Pakistan Declaration of 1933 had envisioned the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir as one of the " five Northern units of India " that were to form the new nation of Pakistan, on the basis of its Muslim majority.

Wary of India's growing involvement in the Bengali rebellion, the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched a preemptive strike on 10 Indian air bases at Srinagar, Jammu, Pathankot, Amritsar, Agra, Adampur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Uttarlai and Sirsa at 1745 hours on 3 December.

* Operation Gibraltar, a Pakistan plan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir in 1965

The name Malik is also found among ethnic Assyrian Christians of Iraq, Iran and Turkey, and in India and Pakistan, for example, in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Delhi.

There is some dispute over whether the Dardic languages ( spoken in northern Pakistan, eastern Afghanistan, and the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir, most prominently the Kashmiri language ) are Indo-Aryan, Iranian or part of the Nurustani languages.

Kang is a Jat ethnicity found in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir in India and also in Pakistan.

The India-Pakistan War of 1947-48, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948.

Before and after the withdrawal of the British from India, the ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu came under pressure from both India and Pakistan to agree to accede to one of the newly independent countries.

The disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir of the Republic of India is not recognized by either Pakistan or the People's Republic of China, but is recognized by Russia.

The term free is used by the Government of Pakistan to express their view of the people in the Pakistan area living in freedom, whereas those in the India-controlled area ( Jammu and Kashmir ) are being " oppressed ".

It is administered by China as part of Hotan County in the Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Some areas of Baltistan are currently administered by India as well, as part of the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir.

The leased region was then treated as part of British India, administered by a Political Agent at Gilgit responsible to Delhi, first through the Resident in Jammu and Kashmir and later a British Agent in Peshawar.

** Jammu and Kashmir, area of Kashmir administered by Republic of India as a state ; disputed by Pakistan.

The Gilgit Agency was a political unit of British India, which administered the northern half of the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

After formation of the Gilgit Agency by the British in 1877, these territories, including the Wazarats of Gilgit and Ladakh, were administered directly by the British, though the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir retained sovereignty.

* 2010 – Flash floods across a large part of Jammu and Kashmir, India, damages 71 towns and kills at least 255 people.

Category: Flora of Jammu and Kashmir

* Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

nn: Asad Jammu og Kashmir

It traverses 4, 057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east.

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages ) as well as two language isolates ( the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir ).

* 1993 – Indian Border Security Force units kill 55 Kashmiri civilians in Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir, in revenge after militants ambushed a BSF patrol.

As usual the law applied to all of India, except Jammu and Kashmir ( again leading to accusations of selective secularism ).

Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir ( which consists of the divisions: the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh ), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit – Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.

Surya Mandir at Martand, Jammu & Kashmir, India, photographed by John Burke, 1868.

Earlier, in 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the Raja of Jammu, the kingdom of Jammu ( to the south of the Kashmir valley ) was also captured by the Sikhs and afterwards, until 1846, became a tributary to the Sikh power.

Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, Gulab Singh, subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns, especially the annexation of the Kashmir valley, and, for his services, was appointed governor of Jammu in 1820.

1909 Map of the Kashmir region | Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu.

Drafted by a treaty and a bill of sale, and constituted between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu ( as it was first called ) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism ; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs ; in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits ; to the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but which practised Shi ' a Islam ; to the north, also sparsely populated, Gilgit Agency, was an area of diverse, mostly Shi ' a groups ; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of different ethnicity than the Kashmir valley.