The French avant-garde kept abreast of Dada activities in Zurich with regular communications from Tristan Tzara ( whose pseudonym means " sad in country ," a name chosen to protest the treatment of Jews in his native Romania ), who exchanged letters, poems, and magazines with Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton, Max Jacob, Clément Pansaers, and other French writers, critics and artists.

Moreover, in Yugoslavia there existed the Jasenovac concentration camp ( August 1941 – April 1945 ), which was the only central extermination camp outside of Poland, and the only one not operated by Nazis, but by the fascist Ustaše forces of the Independent State of Croatia, the majority of whose victims were Orthodox Christian Serbs, Roma, and Jews.

Unlike the Jews of Poland and Russia whose first language was Yiddish, Hungarian Jews did not adopt Yiddish as their primary language.

The Hebrew Bible describes constant warfare between the Jews and other tribes, including the Philistines, whose capital was Gaza.

In June 1946, following instances of Jewish sabotage, the British launched Operation Agatha, arresting 2700 Jews, including the leadership of the Jewish Agency, whose headquarters were raided.

Orthodox Jews believe that Halakha is a religious system, whose core represents the revealed will of God.

A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews.

While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs were claimed to be based on the written text of the Torah alone ( e. g., the Sadducees, and the Karaites ), most Jews believed in what they call the oral law.

" By mid-1938 Goebbels was investigating the possibility of requiring all Jews to wear an identifying mark and of confining them to a ghetto, but these were ideas whose time had not yet come.

The Jewish Defense League ( JDL ) is a Jewish far-right organization whose stated goal is to " protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary ".

Israel was divided in accepting the money. The agreement was condemned by some Israelis as simply an expedient whereby Germany would buy off Jewish survivors to regain credibility on the international stage, and Adenauer was criticised for being too lenient towards politically compromised individuals whose past treatment of Jews was at best questionable.

Pacelli made reference to the Jews " whose lips curse and whose hearts reject him even today ".

Many branches of Reform Judaism hold that Jewish law should be interpreted as a set of general guidelines rather than as a list of restrictions whose literal observance is required of all Jews.

In 1998, Jewish theologian Zachary Braiterman coined the term anti-theodicy in his book ( God ) After Auschwitz to describe Jews, both in a Biblical and post-Holocaust context, whose response to the problem of evil is protest and refusal to investigate the relationship between God and suffering.

Supporters of Nordicism and Germanism consider Nordic people ( Scandinavians, Germans, English, Balts and Dutch ) to be superior, shunning those of Southern and Eastern Europe ( who may have darker features and different cultures ), including mostly Jews, Poles, Celts ( Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Basque ), Gypsies, Spanish, Portuguese, Italians, white Latin Americans, Lusophone, white Africans, and Russians, along with anyone whose ethnic heritage is not European.

* Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln was an English boy whose disappearance in 1255 prompted a blood libel against the local Jews.

The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews.

Included are Sicilians and Greeks, Corsicans and French, Spanish and Germans, Egyptians and Jews, Circassians, Iranians, and Turks ; also in this mix are Tunisians whose ancestry traces southward across the deserts to Black Africa.

Sephardim are Jews whose ancestors lived in Spain or Portugal, where they lived for possibly as much as a millennia before being finally expelled in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs ( the Alhambra decree ); the Sephardic communities subsequently migrated to North Africa ( Maghreb ), Christian Europe ( Netherlands, Britain, France and Poland ), throughout the Ottoman Empire and even the newly discovered Latin America.

While not recognizing Reform and Conservative as valid expressions of Judaism, it recognizes Jews affiliated with these movements as full-fledged Jews, aside from those whose Judaism is of patrilineal descent and / or were converted under Conservative or Reform auspices.

Thus, for example, the Conservative movement typically does not accept Reform converts to Judaism whose conversions did not meet the requirements of Jewish law as being Jews.

This is done not to try to change Jewish Law, but to preserve the Jewish character of the State of Israel – i. e., that allowing in people whose sole mission is to get Jews to become Christians is inimical to one of the core ethics of the country ( to be a haven for Jews ).

He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.

The Adamic language is, according to Jews ( as recorded in the midrashim ), some Christians, and Mormons, the language spoken by Adam ( and possibly Eve ) in the Garden of Eden.

Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel ( not to mention thousands of rumors ) that resulted in the arrest and killing of Jews throughout history, most of them in the Middle Ages ...

Purim ( Hebrew: Pûrîm " lots ") is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman, who sought to exterminate them, as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther.

However, as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten, these oral laws were recorded by Rabbi Judah haNasi ( Judah the Prince ) in the Mishnah, redacted circa 200 CE.

Like the Sadducees who relied only on the Torah, some Jews in the 8th and 9th centuries rejected the authority and divine inspiration of the oral law as recorded in the Mishnah ( and developed by later rabbis in the two Talmuds ), relying instead only upon the Tanakh.

The Arab Muslim historian Musa b. ' Uqba ( d. 758 ) recorded that caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled the Jews and Christians of Khaybar to Jericho ( and Tayma ).

Considered a traitor by most Jews, he recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish – Roman War, including the Siege of Masada.

Hitler's chief lieutenants, Göring and the SS chief Heinrich Himmler, took this and other comments by Hitler at this time ( most of which were not recorded, but were attested to at postwar trials ) as authority to proceed with a definitive " final solution of the Jewish question " ( Die Endlösung der Judenfrage ) involving the complete removal of the Jews from the German-occupied territories.

By contrast, Rabbinical Judaism regards an Oral Law ( codified and recorded in the Mishnah and Talmuds ) as being equally binding on Jews, and mandated by God.

In the 12th century, Benjamin of Tudela recorded details about communities of Jews in Corfu, Arta, Aphilon, Patras, Corinth, Thebes, Chalkis, Thessaloniki and Drama.

Yad Vashem has recorded the names of around 3, 000 Jews killed at Babi Yar, as well as those of some 7, 000 Jews from Kiev who were killed during the Holocaust.

Ten years later there were several Jewish families in the town ; on Feb. 3, 1747, there was recorded a deed to Isaac Nunus Ricus ( Henriques ) and Joseph Simon, conveying of land " in trust for the society of Jews settled in and about Lancaster ," to be used as a place of burial.

Massive violent attacks against Jews date back at least to the Crusades such as the Pogrom of 1096 in France and Germany ( the first " Christian " pogroms to be officially recorded ), as well as the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189 – 1190.

" Despite all this, the participation of Jews on the side of the Muslims is not recorded in the Chronicle of 754.

But two years later – after Dan Ingram had recorded a brotherhood promotion for WABC-AM in which the song was used as a bed for the promotion, and after the National Council of Christians and Jews subsequently used the song as their theme song on television and radio commercials – the track was re-released and cracked the Top 5.

By 1790 26, 000 apostate Jews were recorded baptised in Poland.

; 1841 – 42: Correspondence between Moses Montefiore, the President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and Charles Henry Churchill, the British consul in Damascus, is seen as the first recorded plan proposed for political Zionism.

The first recorded Arab attack on Jews in what would become Israel took place in Petah Tikva in 1886.

In connection with the remarks from 2002, which were recorded on tape with his knowledge, Ahenakew was later convicted in July 2005 of willfully promoting hatred against Jews.

The criteria for the definition of the ethnical structure were changing over the years: in 1789, only the religious affiliation of the population was taken into account ; in 1869 the ethnic affiliation was also recorded, with Jews counted as a separate category ; in 1880 the category of ethnicity was replaced by the mother tongue, and from 1890 to 1910 only the " language of everyday communication " () was recorded.