The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.

Alcott had been influenced by educational philosophy of the Swiss pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and even renamed his school " The Cheshire Pestalozzi School ". His style attracted the attention of Samuel Joseph May, who introduced Alcott to his sister Abby May.

This close approximation to the modern value of − 273. 15 ° C for the zero of the air-thermometer was further improved upon in 1779 by Johann Heinrich Lambert, who observed that − 270 ° C might be regarded as absolute cold.

* 1647 – Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer ( d. 1719 )

), Moritz Count von Dietrichstein, Heinrich Eduard Josef Baron von Lannoy, Ignaz Franz Baron von Mosel, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, and the eight-year-old Franz Liszt ( although it seems Liszt was not invited personally, but his teacher Czerny arranged for him to be involved ).

** 1802 – 1803 Johann Heinrich Rothpletz ( b. 1766 – d. 1833 )

* 1666 – Johann Heinrich Buttstett, German organist and composer ( d. 1727 )

Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz | Crantz's Classis cruciformium, 1769

Woodcut illustration of Cassandra's prophecy of the fall of Troy ( at left ) and her death ( at right ), from an incunable German translation by Heinrich Steinhowel | Heinrich Steinhöwel of Giovanni Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris, printed by Johann Zainer at Ulm ca.

Another forerunner to progressive education was Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ( 1746 – 1827 ).

* 1724 – Gottfried Heinrich Bach, German son of Johann Sebastian Bach ( d. 1763 )

* Johann Heinrich Lambert 1728 – 1777 ( France )

Hector Admonishes Paris for His Softness and Exhorts Him to Go to War by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein | J. H. W.

Highly influential German classicist historians were Barthold Georg Niebuhr ( 1776-1831 ) and Theodor Mommsen ( 1817-1903 ) Historians of Germany included Johann Gustav Droysen ( 1808-84 ), Heinrich von Sybel ( 1817-95 ), and Heinrich von Treitschke ( 1834-96 ).

Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of Jakob Böhme, Philipp Jakob Spener, Johann Heinrich Jung, and Emanuel Swedenborg, among others, and later wrote Thoughts on the Destiny of Man, published in German in 1824 and in English a year later, in which he outlined his ideas and philosophy.

* 1633 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian ( d. 1698 )

* 1706 – Johann Heinrich Zedler, German publisher ( d. 1751 )

Johann Heinrich Alsted.

Johann Heinrich Alsted ( March 1588 – November 9, 1638 ) was a German Calvinist minister and academic, known for his varied interests: in Ramism and Lullism, pedagogy and encyclopedias, theology and millennarianism.

" In the works of authors like Clemens Timpler of Heidelberg and Steinfurt, Bartolomaeus Keckermann of Heidelberg and Danzig, and Johann Heinrich Alsted of Herborn there appeared a new, unified vision of the encyclopaedia of the scientific disciplines in which ontology had the role of assigning to each of the particular sciences its proper domain.

* Howard Hotson, Johann Heinrich Alsted 1588-1638: Between Renaissance, Reformation, and Universal Reform ( Oxford, Clarendon, 2000 ).

ca: Johann Heinrich Alsted

cs: Johann Heinrich Alsted

Anthony ( Dresden, 27 December 1755 – Dresden, 6 June 1836 ), also known by his German name Anton ( full name: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar ), was a King of Saxony ( 1827 – 1836 ) from the House of Wettin.

The best known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven ; other notable names include Luigi Boccherini, Muzio Clementi, Antonio Soler, Antonio Salieri, François Joseph Gossec, Johann Stamitz, Carl Friedrich Abel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Some Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( who did not formally join the new group ) formed the separate Old Catholic Church in protest.

There, he received a liberal education at the Lyceum, and Karl J. Windischmann drew his attention to the languages and literature of the East ( Windischmann, along with Georg Friedrich Creuzer, Johann Joseph von Görres, and the brothers Schlegel, expressed great enthusiasm for Indian wisdom and philosophy ).

In 1775, Mesmer was invited to give his opinion before the Munich Academy of Sciences on the exorcisms carried out by Johann Joseph Gassner.

Frederick Augustus II ( full name: Frederick Augustus Albert Maria Clemens Joseph Vincenz Aloys Nepomuk Johann Baptista Nikolaus Raphael Peter Xavier Franz de Paula Venantius Felix ) ( Dresden, 18 May 1797 – Brennbüchel, Karrösten, Tyrol, 9 August 1854 ) was King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.

The " Palestrina style " now serves as a basis for college Renaissance counterpoint classes, thanks in large part to the efforts of the 18th century composer and theorist Johann Joseph Fux, who, in a book called Gradus ad Parnassum ( Steps to Parnassus, 1725 ), set about codifying Palestrina's techniques as a pedagogical tool for students of composition.

* Johann Joseph Fux, The Study of Counterpoint ( Gradus ad Parnassum ).

German music, sponsored by the upper classes, came of age under composers Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1685 – 1750 ), Joseph Haydn ( 1732 – 1809 ), and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1756 – 1791 ).

Among the persecuted were the poet Ernst Moritz Arndt, the publisher Johann Joseph Görres and the " Father of Gymnastics " Ludwig Jahn.

Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy.

His compositional style derives from Johann Joseph Fux's counterpoint, who was Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's Cathedral 1713-1741, a position that Albrechtsberger would hold 52 years later.

He was a master of counterpoint, the complex and highly disciplined art for which Johann Sebastian Bach is famous, and of development, a compositional ethos pioneered by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.

These include Richard Kirwan, John Smeaton, Henry Moyes, John Michell, Pieter Camper, R. E. Raspe, John Baskerville, Thomas Beddoes, John Wyatt, William Thomson, Cyril V. Jackson, Jean-André Deluc, John Wilkinson, John Ash, Samuel More, Robert Bage, James Brindley, Ralph Griffiths, John Roebuck, Thomas Percival, Joseph Black, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Banks, William Herschel, Daniel Solander, John Warltire, George Fordyce, Alexander Blair, Samuel Parr, Louis Joseph d ' Albert d ' Ailly, the seventh Duke of Chaulnes, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, Grossart de Virly ,, Johann Gottling.

Famous visitors to Luxembourg in the 18th and 19th centuries included the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the French writers Emile Zola and Victor Hugo, the composer Franz Liszt, and the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner.

Some notable mathematicians include Archimedes of Syracuse, Leonhard Euler, Carl Gauss, Johann Bernoulli, Jacob Bernoulli, Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Nilakantha Somayaji, Omar Khayyám, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Andrey Kolmogorov, Euclid of Alexandria, Jules Henri Poincaré, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Alexander Grothendieck, David Hilbert, Alan Turing, von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Georg Cantor, William Rowan Hamilton, Carl Jacobi, Évariste Galois, Nikolay Lobachevsky, Rene Descartes, Joseph Fourier, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Alonzo Church, Nikolay Bogolyubov and Pierre de Fermat.

The most notable leader of the movement, though maintaining a certain distance from the Old Catholic Church as an institution, was the renowned church historian and priest Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( 1799 – 1890 ), who had been excommunicated by the pope because of his support for the affair.

For a time during the 19th century pantheism was the theological viewpoint of many leading writers and philosophers, attracting figures such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in Britain ; Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in Germany ; Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in the USA.

It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 ( from a specimen given to him by Sir Joseph Banks ) and following the rules of priority of nomenclature it was later officially recognised as Ornithorhynchus anatinus.

The first permanent photograph was made in 1822 by a French inventor, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, building on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz ( 1724 ): that a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light.