Some have stated that the secret of concrete was lost for 13 centuries until 1756, when the British engineer John Smeaton pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate.

John Smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements when he was planning the construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse ( 1755 – 9 ) in the English Channel.

The earliest known use of an expert witness in English law came in 1782, when a court that was hearing litigation relating to the silting-up of Wells harbour in Norfolk accepted evidence from a leading civil engineer, John Smeaton.

Engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22, 916 foot-pounds per minute.

Also important was the 1756 rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by the British engineer John Smeaton, which had been lost for 1300 years.

In the 1770s, the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements.

* 1724 – John Smeaton, English engineer ( d. 1794 )

These include Richard Kirwan, John Smeaton, Henry Moyes, John Michell, Pieter Camper, R. E. Raspe, John Baskerville, Thomas Beddoes, John Wyatt, William Thomson, Cyril V. Jackson, Jean-André Deluc, John Wilkinson, John Ash, Samuel More, Robert Bage, James Brindley, Ralph Griffiths, John Roebuck, Thomas Percival, Joseph Black, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Banks, William Herschel, Daniel Solander, John Warltire, George Fordyce, Alexander Blair, Samuel Parr, Louis Joseph d ' Albert d ' Ailly, the seventh Duke of Chaulnes, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, Grossart de Virly ,, Johann Gottling.

* John Smeaton, civil engineer and physicist

** John Smeaton, English civil engineer ( b. 1724 )

* October 16 – Smeaton's Tower, John Smeaton ’ s Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of South West England, is first illuminated.

* June 8 – John Smeaton, English civil engineer ( d. 1792 )

* 1776 – John Smeaton publishes a paper on experiments related to power, work, momentum, and kinetic energy, supporting the conservation of energy

( Engineer John Smeaton utilized this design in 1789.

Much patched and decrepit, the quay was virtually rebuilt, though along the original line, between 1775 and 1785 by the landlord, Daniel Delacherois, probably with the help of John Smeaton, the distinguished civil engineer who had apparently made earlier more elaborate plans for extending the harbour, and who had just rebuilt Portpatrick harbour.

Brighouse's industry received a boost through the construction of the Calder and Hebble Navigation, started in 1757 by the engineer John Smeaton.

They invited the civil engineer John Smeaton to make a new survey, which he did in late 1757, and produced a scheme which involved dredging shoals, making of cuts, the building of 26 locks, to overcome the rise of between Wakefield and the Halifax Brook, and the construction of a reservoir at Salterhebble bridge.

President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Frémont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.

Among the original champions of Protestantism who rejected the doctrine of apostolic succession were John Calvin, and Martin Luther.

John Calvin formulated a doctrine of Presbyterianism, which held that in the New Testament the offices of presbyter and episkopos were identical ; he rejected the doctrine of apostolic succession.

This idea was already rejected as untenable by John Calvin ( 1509 – 1564 ), and by the time of Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted.

The agreement lasted from 1977 to 1978, but proved mostly fruitless, for two reasons: the Liberals ' key demand of proportional representation was rejected by most Labour MPs, whilst the contacts between Liberal spokespersons and Labour ministers often proved detrimental, such as between finance spokesperson John Pardoe and Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey, who were mutually antagonistic.

Bob Jones, Sr. argued that if members of Graham ’ s campaign executive committee had rejected major tenets of orthodox Christianity, such as the virgin birth and the deity of Christ, then Graham had violated 2 John 9-11, which prohibits receiving in fellowship those who do “ not abide in the teaching of Christ .” In the 1960s, Graham further irritated fundamentalists by gaining the endorsement of Cardinal Richard Cushing for his Boston campaign and accepting honorary degrees from two Roman Catholic colleges.

Although British Prime Minister John Major rejected John Hume's requests for a public inquiry into the killings, his successor, Tony Blair, decided to start one.

In 1963, Bob Dylan was set to appear on the show, but network censors rejected the song he wanted to perform, " Talkin ' John Birch Paranoid Blues ", as potentially libelous to the John Birch Society.

* In Chapter 7: 41-42, and again in 7: 52, John records some of the crowd of Pharisees dismissing the possibility of Jesus's being the Messiah, on the grounds that the Messiah must be a descendent of David and born in Bethlehem, stating that Jesus instead came out of Galilee ( as is stated in the Gospel of Mark ); John made no effort to refute or correct ( nor did he affirm ) this, and this has been advanced as implying that John rejected the synoptic tradition of Jesus's birth in Bethlehem.

Facing internal disorder, in 1212 John made the Kingdom of England a tribute-paying vassal of the Holy See, which it remained until the 14th century when the Kingdom rejected the overlordship of the Holy See and re-established its sovereignty.

However, the La Marle interpretation of Linear A has been rejected by John Younger of Kansas University showing that La Marle has invented erroneous and arbitrary new transcriptions based on resemblances with many different script systems at will ( as Phoenician, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Hieroglyphic Hittite, Ethiopian, Cypro-Minoan, etc.

Among the rejected Lake translation: " not genuine " writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd, and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called Teachings of the Apostles ; and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books.

The US signed the Sánchez-Merry Treaty with Nicaragua in case the negotiations for a canal through Colombia fell through, although the treaty was later rejected by John Hay.

John Patch, a mariner in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at Saint John, New Brunswick, but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he was not an American citizen.

He rejected many of the ideas developed by John XXII.

Chief Justice John Roberts rejected this reasoning and this rationale was not cited in any dissenting justice opinions.

The book was rejected by publishers in Sweden prompting an open letter in 2003 defending Johnstone's book ( and her right to publish ) which was signed by, among others, Noam Chomsky, Arundhati Roy, Tariq Ali and John Pilger: " We regard Diana Johnstone ’ s Fools ’ Crusade as an outstanding work, dissenting from the mainstream view but doing so by an appeal to fact and reason, in a great tradition.

However, his French territories initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur of Brittany, the son of their late brother Geoffrey, whose claim was by modern standards better than John's.

However, for the rejected pilot " The Cage " ( 1964 ), Roddenberry went with director Robert Butler's choice of John Hoyt to play Dr. Philip Boyce.

It is widely accepted that Copernicus's De revolutionibus followed the outline and method set by Ptolemy in his Almagest and employed geometrical constructions that had been developed previously by the Maragheh school in his heliocentric model, and that Galileo's mathematical treatment of acceleration and his concept of impetus rejected earlier medieval analyses of motion, rejecting by name ; Averroes, Avempace, Jean Buridan, and John Philoponus ( see Theory of impetus ).

John M. Lundquist, author of The Temple of Jerusalem: past, present, and future ( 2008 ), discounts this idea.

The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was first put forward by geologist John Michell in a letter written to Henry Cavendish in 1783 of the Royal Society:

The idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly's ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner.

This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215.

They are also sometimes called " Auxons ", from the Greek word auxein which means " to grow ", or " von Neumann machines " after John von Neumann, who first rigorously studied the idea.

Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.

John Locke's description of a general idea corresponds to a description of a concept.

He was, along with the earlier John Playfair, the major advocate of James Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism, that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time.

Senator John Kerry's 1988 Committee on Foreign Relations report on Contra drug links concluded that " senior U. S. policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the Contras ' funding problems.

Whatever the true motive, the idea of a contract between King and people was advanced to the Pope as an excuse for Bruce's coronation whilst John de Balliol still lived in Papal custody.

* John D. Caputo attempts to explain deconstruction in a nutshell by stating that: " Whenever deconstruction finds a nutshell — a secure axiom or a pithy maxim — the very idea is to crack it open and disturb this tranquility.

According to US President John Adams, Ponet's work contained " all the essential principles of liberty, which were afterward dilated on by Sidney and Locke ", including the idea of a three-branched government.

The idea of MWI originated in Everett's Princeton Ph. D. thesis " The Theory of the Universal Wavefunction ", developed under his thesis advisor John Archibald Wheeler, a shorter summary of which was published in 1957 entitled " Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics " ( Wheeler contributed the title " relative state "; Everett originally called his approach the " Correlation Interpretation ", where " correlation " refers to quantum entanglement ).

In his Homilies Concerning the Statutes St. John Chrysostom ( 344 – 408 ) explicitly espoused the idea, based on his reading of Scripture, that the Earth floated on the waters gathered below the firmament, and St. Athanasius ( c. 293 – 373 ) expressed similar views in Against the Heathen.

Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann.

John Beck's dealings with Willis O ' Brien's project were done behind his back, and O ' Brien was never credited for his idea.

De Camp and Ley also claim that Sir John Leslie expanded on Euler's idea, suggesting two central suns named Pluto and Proserpine ( this was unrelated to the dwarf planet Pluto, which was discovered and named some time later ).

Finally in the west the idea of " art for art's sake " began to find expression in the work of the Romantic painters like Francisco de Goya, John Constable, and J. M. W.

Unlike many children, Simon was exposed to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically at a relatively young age due to the influence of his mother ’ s younger brother, Harold Merkel, who had studied economics at the University of Wisconsin – Madison under John R. Commons.

The idea that specifically the interdependence between parts would have implications for the origins of living things was raised by writers starting with Pierre Gassendi in the mid 17th century and John Wilkins, who wrote ( citing Galen ), " Now to imagine, that all these things, according to their several kinds, could be brought into this regular frame and order, to which such an infinite number of Intentions are required, without the contrivance of some wise Agent, must needs be irrational in the highest degree.

Both Tom Hall and John Romero have reputations as designers and idea men who have helped shape some of the key PC gaming titles of the 1990s.

This idea is sometimes paired with the claim that Hanson was actually a black man, using a photograph of Senator John Hanson of Liberia to support the claim.

The idea for the sketch came after a day of shooting in Folkestone Harbour, where John Cleese became seasick and threw up repeatedly while trying to deliver a line.

From the time of writing Structure of Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty wanted to show, in opposition to the idea that drove the tradition beginning with John Locke, that perception was not the causal product of atomic sensations.