" Legislative rulings ..." here excluded rulings that are purely theoretical in nature, such as those found in the science of Usul Al Fiqh, as well as those theological in nature, generally discussed in the books of Aqidah or Kalam.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (; Tamil: அவ ு ல ் பக ி ர ் ஜ ை ன ு லப ் த ீ ன ் அப ் த ு ல ் கல ா ம ்; born 15 October 1931 ) usually referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India.

Islamic theological discussion that parallels Christian theological discussion is named " Kalam "; the Islamic analogue of Christian theological discussion would more properly be the investigation and elaboration of Islamic law, or " Fiqh ".

Different traditions / doctrine schools in Islam called Kalam schools ( see Islamic schools and branches ) use different theological approaches or nizaam al lahoot in approaching God in Islam ( Allah, Arabic الله ) or the ultimate reality.

In the medieval Islamic world, due to Avicenna's successful reconciliation of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of early Islamic philosophy by the 12th century, with Avicenna becoming a central authority on philosophy.

The first is Kalam, that mainly dealt with Islamic theological questions, and the other is Falsafa, that was founded on interpretations of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism.

With Kalam, questions about the sira and hadith, as well as science ( Islamic science ) and law ( fiqh and sharia ), began to be investigated beyond the scope of Muhammad's beliefs.

Due to Avicenna's ( Ibn Sina's ) successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century.

Islamic law placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a novel approach to logic in Kalam, but this approach was later displaced by ideas from Greek philosophy and Hellenistic philosophy with the rise of the Mu ' tazili philosophers, who highly valued Aristotle's Organon.

Early forms of analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning and categorical syllogism were introduced in Fiqh ( Islamic jurisprudence ), Sharia ( Islamic law ) and Kalam ( Islamic theology ) from the 7th century with the process of Qiyas, before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works.

In its current usage, the expressions " Tawhid " or " knowledge of Tawhid " are sometimes used as an equivalent for the whole Kalam, the Islamic theology.

Islamic theology or Kalam, in the sense of ordered, rational reflection upon Allah and his Qur ' an, is commonly held to begin at the end of the 7th century – the 1st century A. H. – with debates about divine and human freedom.

Whilst the boundaries are sometimes rather porous, scholars of Islamic thought often make a distinction between Falasafa ( Islamic philosophy ) and Kalam ( Islamic theology ).

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on November 11, 1888 in the Islamic holy city of Mecca, then part of the Ottoman Empire.

‘ Iraqi was highly educated in both theology and literary disciplines and it is believed that he not only knew the Holy Qur ' an, hadith, commentary and Islamic theology ( Kalam ), but that he also knew Persian and Arabic literature.

The book ends ( Chapters 73 – 76 ) with Maimonides ' protracted exposition and criticism of a number of principles and methods identified with the schools of Jewish Kalam and Islamic Kalam, including the argument for creation ex nihilo and the unity and incorporeality of God.

During this period of his life his a number of al-Ash ' ari's students went on to propagate this theology under the newly founded Ash ' ari school of early Islamic philosophy and Kalam, however al-Ash ' ari himself is said to have left his stances in theology for a more textualist Athari approach ( see Biography ).

During this period of his life his a number of al-Ash ' ari's students went on to propagate this theology under the newly founded Ash ' ari school of early Islamic philosophy and Kalam, however al-Ash ' ari himself is said to have left his stances in theology for a more textualist approach ( see Athari ) as according to Ibn Katheer, Nu ' maan al-Aloosi, Muhibb ud-Deen al-Khateeb, Imaam adh-Dhahabee in his " Siyar " and based on what is understood from al-Ash ' aris final book " al-Ibaanah ".

The NDA then put forth a third candidate Abdul Kalam as their official choice, without seeking consensus ; one opposition party ( the Samajwadi Party under Mulayam Singh Yadav ) dissipated the unity of the Opposition by supporting this proposal.

The valley can be accessed through an un-metalled road from Kalam in a four by four ( 4x4 ) vehicle.

Sopanam is religious in nature, and developed through singing invocatory songs at the Kalam of Kali, and later inside temples.

This has been pioneered by a group of young professionals who share the vision given by Dr. Kalam and are trying to realize this through their little but yet significant efforts

It has its beginnings through the practice of singing invocatory songs in front of the ' Kalam ' ( a stylised five-colour carpet drawing on the floor using natural powders ) of Goddess Kali.

India's first broadband network on EDUSAT for schools-ViCTERS ( Virtual Class Technology on Edusat for Rural Schools ) – inaugurated by Dr. A. P. J Abdul Kalam, the ex-President of India on 28 July 2005 in Thiruvananthapuram has revolutionized classrooms through interactive IP-based technology.

The first attempt towards the actualization of this concept was reportedly made by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad through his short-lived party, the Hizbullah.

The name Van Mahotsava ( the festival of trees ) originated in July 1947 after a successful tree-planting drive was undertaken in Delhi, in which national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr Rajendra Prasad and Abdul Kalam Azad participated.

As a general trend, the modern slants on the cosmological argument, including the Kalam argument, tend to lean very strongly towards an in fieri argument.

Speakers at Techkirti have included APJ Abdul Kalam, Vladimir Voevodsky, Dougulas OSheroff, Oliver Smithies and Richard Stallman.

Abdul Kalam in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Indian Parliament.

Afterwards, Ghaus Baksh Bizenjo, President of the Kalat State National Party, went to Delhi and met Congress President Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

* 1931 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Eleventh President of India

Dr. Abdul Kalam also arrived at the test site as the representative of the TBRL although he had no role whatsoever in the development of the nuclear bomb or even in the nuclear programme.

" Kalam ... does not hold the leading place in Muslim thought that theology does in Christianity.

The former Indian president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is also famously a vegetarian.

Brown ( 1959 ) has reviewed generally the various methods of assaying TSH, and the reader is referred to her paper for further information on the subject.

The terms are generally taken for granted as though they referred to direct and axiomatic elements in the common experience of all.

Ethanol in this form is known generally as denatured alcohol ; when methanol is used, it may be referred to as methylated spirits or " surgical spirits ".

André-Marie Ampère ( 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as " electrodynamics ".

While the 68000 family has a 32-bit design, the 68000 used in several early models is generally referred to as 16-bit.

: In British English, "( )" marks are generally referred to as brackets, whereas "" are called square brackets and "

Furthermore, sandwiches de miga are another type of bread products ; they are made only with thin layers of white bread ( generally referred to as crustless bread ) and stuffed with food items ranging from ham and cheese to other more sophisticated combinations such as raw ham, tomatoes, olives, hard boiled eggs, tuna, lettuce, red pepper, and the like.

Sometimes this is referred to as " hornbook law " meaning treatise or textbook, often relied upon as authoritative, competent, and generally accepted in the field of Canadian law.

This language is generally referred to as Aquitanian and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the Roman conquests in the western Pyrenees.

CPUs based upon these " building block " ICs are generally referred to as " small-scale integration " ( SSI ) devices.

This section describes what is generally referred to as the " classic RISC pipeline ", which in fact is quite common among the simple CPUs used in many electronic devices ( often called microcontroller ).

Using Flynn's taxonomy, these two schemes of dealing with data are generally referred to as SIMD ( single instruction, multiple data ) and SISD ( single instruction, single data ), respectively.

These areas are grouped around asterisms ( which themselves are generally referred to in non-technical language as " constellations "), which are patterns formed by prominent stars within apparent proximity to one another on Earth's night sky.

Castrati were rarely referred to as such: in the 18th century, the euphemism musico ( pl musici ) was much more generally used, although it usually carried derogatory implications ; another synonym was evirato ( literally meaning " emasculated ").

Before there was an official standard for C, many users and implementors relied on an informal specification contained in a book by Ritchie and Brian Kernighan ; that version is generally referred to as " K & R " C. In 1989 the American National Standards Institute published a standard for C ( generally called " ANSI C " or " C89 ").

( Sebelum Masehi, before Masehi, from Arabic word of Masih, referred to Jesus ) and M. ( Masehi, after Masehi ) were generally used.

Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ).

It is also sometimes referred to as Middle Asia, and, colloquially, " the ' stans " ( as the five countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "- stan ", meaning " land of ") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent.

where, and are unit vectors in the direction of the x-axis and y-axis respectively, generally referred to as the standard basis ( in some application areas these may also be referred to as versors ).

Krulak is generally referred to as " The General " by fans on these boards.

DEC later re-branded all of the models in the 36-bit series as the " DECsystem-10 ", and PDP-10s are generally referred to by the model of their CPU, like " KA10 ".

The period of the 1920s and 1930s is generally referred to as the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.

This defensive response is generally referred to in physiology as the fight-or-flight response regulated by the hypothalamus.