az: Karl Menger

The general form of the TSP appears to have been first studied by mathematicians during the 1930s in Vienna and at Harvard, notably by Karl Menger, who defines the problem, considers the obvious brute-force algorithm, and observes the non-optimality of the nearest neighbour heuristic:

Anti-razors have also been created by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646 – 1716 ), Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), and Karl Menger.

* Karl Menger, professor of mathematics

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* Karl Menger, Dimensionstheorie, ( 1928 ) B. G Teubner Publishers, Leipzig.

Among its members were Gustav Bergmann, Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, Hans Hahn, Tscha Hung, Victor Kraft, Karl Menger, Richard von Mises, Marcel Natkin, Otto Neurath, Olga Hahn-Neurath, Theodor Radakovic, Rose Rand and Friedrich Waismann.

In the 19th century, Karl Marx's contemporary, Carl Menger ( 1840 – 1921 ), proposed the " Theory of Subjective Wants ", wherein the behaviour of the market is explainable only in terms of the subjective wants of the buyer and the seller.

He studied under Hans Hahn and Karl Menger in Vienna, receiving a Ph. D. in 1926.

* Karl Menger

Of particular utility and importance are classifications by means of Cayley – Menger determinants, named after Arthur Cayley and Karl Menger:

It was proved for edge-connectivity and vertex-connectivity by Karl Menger in 1927.

The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was not fully appreciated for another four decades.

Only a few months later, Karl Schwarzschild found a solution to Einstein field equations, which describes the gravitational field of a point mass and a spherical mass.

Casual mention of the term is also found in the biography Frederick Engels, by Karl Kautsky, written in the same year.

The fragments preserved in the so-called Sacra parallela are to be found in Karl Holl's Fragmente vornicänischer Kirchenväter ( T U, new series, v. 2, Leipzig, 1899 ), pp. 314 – 332.

But as early as 1916, the astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild found the first non-trivial exact solution to the Einstein field equations, the so-called Schwarzschild metric.

Several mathematicians, including Maclaurin and d ' Alembert, attempted to prove the soundness of using limits, but it would be 150 years later, through the work of Augustin Louis Cauchy and Karl Weierstrass, where a means was finally found to avoid mere " notions " of infinitely small quantities, that the foundations of differential and integral calculus were made firm.

The opposite has also been claimed, most notably by Karl Popper, who held that such problems do exist, that they are solvable, and that he had actually found definite solutions to some of them.

An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in " Summing Amplifier " filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell Labs in 1941.

In 1874 Karl Ferdinand Braun observed conduction and rectification in metallic sulphides, and Arthur Schuster found that a copper oxide layer on wires has rectification properties that ceases when the wires are cleaned.

Building primarily upon the early works of Karl Marx, Fromm sought to re-emphasise the ideal of freedom, missing from most Soviet Marxism, and more frequently found in the writings of libertarian socialists and liberal theoreticians.

Anxious to combine the themes of personal transformation found in the works of Arthur Rimbaud with the politics of Karl Marx, Breton joined the French Communist Party in 1927, from which he was expelled in 1933.

An internationalist outlook of permanent revolution is found in the works of Karl Marx.

Karl Hermann Frank, Secretary of State for the Nazi Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, reported from Berlin that the Führer had commanded the following concerning any village found to have harboured Heydrich's killers:

A more complete study of elliptic functions was later undertaken by Karl Weierstrass, who found a simple elliptic function in terms of which all the others could be expressed.

Josias investigated the case and found out that Koch, in a position as the Camp Commandant, had ordered Krämer and Karl Peixof, a hospital attendant, killed as " political prisoners " because they had treated him for syphilis and he feared it might be discovered.

" Hardly any traces of that function are found in the subsequent tradition ," Karl Galinsky remarked in passing.

As a result Maybach left DMG in 1907 to found Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH together with his son Karl in 1909 ; they manufactured Zeppelin engines.

In 1848 he helped to found the Deutsch-evangelische Kirchentag, and two years later founded and edited ( 1850 – 1861 ), with August Neander and Karl Nitzsch, the Deutsche Zeitschrift für christliche Wissenschaft und christliches Leben.

Karl Sand, the murderer of August von Kotzebue, was one of Fries's pupils ; and a letter of his, found on another student, warning Sand against participation in secret societies, was twisted by the suspicious authorities into evidence of Fries ' conspiracy.

") is one of the most famous rallying cries of communism, found in The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

the French Liberalism of the school of Rotteck, and Karl Ludwig von Haller's Romanticist doctrine of the Christian state, Dahlmann took as his premises the circumstances as he found them, and evolved the new out of the old by a quiet process of development.

A fuller account will be found in the histories of Greece ( e. g. those of George Grote, Karl Julius Beloch, Georg Busolt, Meyer ) and in G. Schimmelpfeng, De Brasidae Spartani rebus gestis atque ingenio ( Marburg, 1857 ).

This he found in the ostensible scientific determinism underlying the writings of Karl Marx.

The Schwarzschild solution is named in honor of Karl Schwarzschild, who found the exact solution in 1916, a little more than a month after the publication of Einstein's theory of general relativity.