* Cuba is the only country in the Caribbean that maintains an embassy in Kazakhstan.

Chromium is mined as chromite ( FeCr < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 4 </ sub >) ore. About two-fifths of the chromite ores and concentrates in the world are produced in South Africa, while Kazakhstan, India, Russia, and Turkey are also substantial producers.

In Kazakhstan franchise turnover for 2010 is 1 billion US $ dollars per year.

Kazakhstan is the leader in Central Asia in the franchising market.

The Qarluqs, a confederation of Turkic tribes, established a state in what is now eastern Kazakhstan in 766.

The large central desert of Kazakhstan is still called Dashti-Kipchak, or the Kipchak Steppe.

That endeavor left the newly independent Republic of Kazakhstan a mixed legacy: a population that includes nearly as many Russians as Kazakhs ; the presence of a dominating class of Russian technocrats, who are necessary to economic progress but ethnically unassimilated ; and a well-developed energy industry, based mainly on coal and oil, whose efficiency is inhibited by major infrastructural deficiencies.

The Soviet Union's spaceport known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan at Tyuratam, with the secret town of Baikonur constructed around it to accommodate the workers of the Cosmodrome.

With an area of about 2, 717, 300 square kilometers, Kazakhstan is more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states, or about twice the size of Alaska.

There is considerable topographical variation within Kazakhstan.

The terrain in these regions is bare, eroded, broken uplands, with sand dunes in the Qizilqum (' The Red Sands '; in the Russian form, Kyzylkum ) and Moyunqum ( in the Russian form, Muyunkum ( Муюнкум )) deserts, which occupy south-central Kazakhstan.

The Climate in Kazakhstan is continental.

Most of the water in Kazakhstan is polluted by industrial effluents, pesticide and fertilizer residue, and, in some places, radioactivity.

The adjective to describe people or things from Kazakhstan is Kazakh ( though the US State Department uses Kazakhstani ).

Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 16 500 000 as of April, 2011, of which 46 % is rural and 54 % urban population.

The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates the head of government.

The economy of Kazakhstan is the largest economy in Central Asia.

Transportation by rail in Kazakhstan is very important.

Kazakhstan Temir Zholy ( KTZ ) is the national railway company.

Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( which it chaired in 2010 ), North Atlantic Cooperation Council, Commonwealth of Independent States, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and NATO's Partnership for Peace program.

Illegal cannabis and, to a lesser extent, opium production in Kazakhstan is an international issue since much of the crop ends up being sold in other countries, particularly in other member-states of Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ).

However, this is viewed as a fraction of the actual total volume trafficked and widespread corruption continues to hamper government anti-drug efforts ; Transparency International gave Kazakhstan a score of 2. 2, on a scale of 0-10 with 0 indicating a " highly corrupt " state.

Russia and other parts of Europe are the main markets for these drugs although drug use is growing in Kazakhstan as well.

Several countries that geographically located in Asia were also admitted to the European football association, particularly Israel and Kazakhstan that in the past were members of the Asian football association.

It is located in Central Asia in the doab between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, and is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and ( partly ) Turkmenistan.

In a 2002 study, maternal genetic analysis of Saka period male and female skeletal remains from a double inhumation kurgan located at the Beral site in Kazakhstan was analysed.

It is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Province, though administrated separately from the province as a federal city area.

Astana is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-arid steppe region which covers most of the country's territory.

* Aqmola Province, the Province of Kazakhstan where Astana is located.

Rzeszów is located on the main 22px West-East European E40 Highway, which goes from Calais in France via Belgium, across Germany, Poland, Ukraine and onto Russia and Kazakhstan.

The city is located in a mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan.

To their north-west the Wusun bordered Kangju, located in modern Kazakhstan.

It is located in the desert steppe of Kazakhstan, about east of the Aral Sea, north of the Syr Darya river, near Tyuratam railway station, at 90 meters above sea level.

The Kalmyk are a branch of the Oirats, whose ancient grazing lands are now located in Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and the People's Republic of China.

Tyuratam (; ) is a station on the main Moscow to Tashkent railway, located in Kazakhstan.

Under the influence of these Jewish communities, Bulan, the Khagan Bek of the Khazars, and the ruling classes of Khazaria ( located in what is now Ukraine, Southern Russia and Kazakhstan ), adopted Judaism at some point in the mid-to-late 8th or early 9th centuries.

He aimed to set up a base in Yaitsk ( now known as Oral, located in Kazakhstan on the Ural River ) and plunder villages from there.

Other large reserves are located in Kazakhstan and Russia.

In Kazakhstan, the bitumen deposits are located

The Hephthalite Empire was located in the territories of present-day Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and China.

The university includes a number of faculty buildings located near Manege Square in the center of Moscow and a number of campuses abroad in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

Boukreev moved to Alma-Ata, the capital of the neighbouring Kazakh SSR ( present day Kazakhstan ) located in the Tian Shan mountain range.

It is located in southeastern Kazakhstan, in Central Asia, and belongs to an endorheic ( closed ) basin shared by Kazakhstan and China, with a small part in Kyrgyzstan.

There was a Polish Autonomous District, located near Zhytomyr, created in 1926, but it was disbanded in 1935 and its Polish inhabitants were either murdered or deported to Kazakhstan.

It is located in the south of Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan, on the Talas River ( Taraz River ).