When the competition was announced for the decoration for the new Houses of Parliament, to be held at Westminster Hall in 1847, Cooper submitted The Defeat of Kellermann's Cuirassiers and Carabiniers by Somerset's Cavalry Brigade at Waterloo, June 18, 1815.

" However, in the Bulletin de l ' armée issued the following day, Napoleon sought to counterbalance Kellermann's charge with Jean-Baptiste Bessières's: " The chef de brigade Bessières, in front of the reckless grenadiers of the guard, executed a charge with as much activity as valour and penetrated the line of the enemy cavalry ; this resulted in the entire rout of the army.

Finally, as the French position was reinforced by François Étienne de Kellermann's cavalry and Jean Lannes's formation was on the way, FML Ferdinand Johann von Morzin's elite grenadier division was sent in to attack Marengo village.

In the temporary heightening of confusion, Lattermann's formation was charged on its left flank by Kellermann's heavy cavalry ( ca.

Other critics of Kellermann's work and its use by advocates of gun control point out that since it deliberately ignores crimes of violence occurring outside the home ( Kellermann states at the outset that the characteristics of such homicides are much more complex and ambiguous, and would be virtually impossible to classify rigorously enough ), it is more directly a study of domestic violence than of gun ownership.

Researchers John Lott, Gary Kleck and many others dispute Kellermann's work.

In front of the Austrian army were stationed, in and to the south of Marengo, the corps of Victor ( Jacques-Antoine de Chambarlhac de Laubespin and Gaspard Amédée Gardanne's divisions ), supported on the left by François Étienne de Kellermann's cavalry and, further to the northeast, by the corps of Lannes ( François Watrin's division, Mainoni's brigade ) together with two cavalry brigades.

Kellermann's heavy cavalry brigade and the 8th Dragoons took up a covering position on the left, smashing an attempt by GM Giovanni Pilatti's light dragoon brigade which attempted to cross the steep-sided Fontanone at its southern end to envelop Victor's flank.

The Austrian pursuit column advances from the left towards San Giuliano, but is blocked by the arrival of Desaix and Kellermann's charge.

Colonel Taylor's 20th Light Dragoons pounced on Kellermann's retreating grenadiers and routed them.

Kellermann was then sixty-two years of age, still physically equal to his work, but the young generals who had come to the front in the previous two years represented the new spirit and the new art of war, and Kellermann's active career came to an end.

Kellermann's grandson was the politician François Christophe Edmond de Kellermann.

Many thousands of volunteers did indeed swell the ranks, but at least half of the French forces were professional regulars, particularly among Kellermann's critical artillery units which were widely regarded as the best in Europe at the time.

But in popular conception, Valmy was a victory of the citizen-soldier: the battle was expressed purely by Kellermann's cry, augmented by the troops ' famed singing of the Marseillaise and the Ça Ira while under fire.

His only chance of support came from Kellermann's Army of the Alps, which was occupied by a further 20, 000 Allied troops.

The British infantry, having formed infantry squares, took heavy losses from the French guns, while their own cannon fired at the cuirassiers and lancers, when they fell back to regroup.

The cavalry armour of Napoleon, and the French, German, and British empires ( heavy cavalry known as cuirassiers ) were actively used through the 19th century right up to the first year of World War I, when French cuirassiers went to meet the enemy in armour outside of Paris.

* The British Household Cavalry wear cuirasses as part of their parade equipment on formal occasions but were never formally designated as cuirassiers, instead retaining the titles Lifeguards and Horse Guards.

At Waterloo he was in command of the Household Cavalry Brigade, which distinguished itself not less by its stern and patient endurance of the enemy's fire than by its celebrated charge on the cuirassiers of Milhaud's corps.

Henry IV's Huguenot cavalry and Dutch cuirassiers were good examples of cavalry units that abandoned the caracole early on — if they ever used it at all.

He was a commander in the West under William Waller, being nicknamed his fidus Achates, and was led his cuirassiers, who were known as the London lobsters.

" hussars ", " cuirassiers " etc.

But body armour remained in use throughout the 18th century with cavalry units, especially cuirassiers, including front and back plates that could protect the wearer from distanced fire and either helmets or " secrets ", a steel protection they wore under a floppy hat.

That worn by the cuirassiers of the line since 1842 was of polished steel with brass mountings,

Other ranks of most branches of the infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours ( red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs, yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.

The cuirassiers trampled an enemy infantry regiment, reached the artillery and sabred the gunners, but the Spaniards, extending their line and maintaining a constant fire, compelled the French to abandon the captured guns and fall back.

The cuirassiers themselves typically employed caracole tactics, advancing to the charge at a trot, often in a dense formation six or ten ranks deep.

John Cruso, for example, explained the " caracoll " as a maneuver whereby a formation of cuirassiers would receive the enemy's charge by wheeling apart to either side, letting the enemy rush in between the pincers of their trap, and then charging inwards against the flanks of the overextended enemy.

At dinner the courses were carried in by tall cuirassiers in red capes and black fur caps topped with tufts of feathers, marching in pairs like guards from a stage tragedy.

Fugger's cuirassiers charged and, striking at a favourable angle, threw back Marsin's squadrons in disorder.

Britain's only cuirassiers were the Household Cavalry, but Dragoon Guards regiments were classed as heavy cavalry.

Dragoon regiments were converted to motorised infantry ( trucks and motor cycles ), and cuirassiers to armoured units ; while light cavalry ( Chasseurs a ' Cheval, Hussars and Spahis ) remained as mounted sabre squadrons.

Image: French heavy cavalry Paris August 1914. jpg | French cuirassiers, wearing breastplates and helmets, parade through Paris on the way to battle, August 1914.

During the Napoleonic Wars, dragoons generally assumed a cavalry role, though remaining a lighter class of mounted troops than the armored cuirassiers.

After being severely wounded during the battle of Eylau ( 1807 ), Chabert, a famous colonel of the cuirassiers, was erroneously recorded as dead and buried unconscious with French casualties.

The mounted lance saw a renaissance in the 18th century with the demise of the pike ; heavily armoured cuirassiers used 2 to 3 m lances as their main weapons.

The Savoyard cuirassiers were ordered to dismount and climb the city walls in full armour as a shock tactic.

They were repulsed in disorder, while the light cavalry, counter-charged by the Dutch cuirassiers, were routed.

The Dutch cuirassiers easily routed the lighter Spanish cavalry, and the mutineer cornets, that had just rallied, fled the battlefield never to return.

Saxon cuirassiers and Polish lancers of Marie Victor de Fay, marquis de Latour-Maubourg | Latour-Maubourg's cavalry corps clash with Russian cuirassiers.

Caulaincourt led the attack of Watier's cuirassiers into the opening at the back of the redoubt and met his death as the charge was stopped cold by Russian musketry.

But, besides the dead Russian troops were the corpses of 1000 Caulaincourt's cuirassiers, including Caulaincourt himself.

A French participant observed, " Murat .... cut off from the Austrian army Klenau's corps, hurling himself upon it at the head of the carabineers and cuirassiers.

With damp flints and powder, their muskets would not fire and many battalions became an easy prey to the French cuirassiers and dragoons.

( 28, 168 men ) and the elite grenadiers and cuirassiers of G. d. K.

Zieten's brigade was finally cut off from the rest of the army and charged violently by Grouchy's cuirassiers, who broke the infantry squares and took no less than 2, 000 prisoners, with the rest of the brigade routed.

French cuirassiers ( troopers of the 3rd regiment ) during a charge.

However, Doumerc's cuirassiers, formed unseen in the night, surprised these men and a single charge was enough to send the panicked men fleeing.