Koestler and others viewed it as a true believer's last service to the Party ( while preserving the little amount of personal honor left ) whereas Bukharin biographer Stephen Cohen and Robert Tucker saw traces of Aesopian language, with which Bukharin sought to turn the table into an anti-trial of Stalinism ( while keeping his part of the bargain to save his family ).

Some ten years later, the Dewey Commission was cited in great detail, when in an open letter to the British press dated 25 February 1946, written by George Orwell and signed by Arthur Koestler, C. E. M. Joad, Frank Horrabin, George Padmore, Julian Symons, H. G. Wells, F. A. Ridley, C. A. Smith and John Baird, among others, it was suggested that the Nuremberg Trials then underway were an invaluable opportunity for establishing " historical truth and bearing upon the political integrity " of figures of international standing.

At the end of the book's last chapter, Koestler summarizes its content and his intentions as follows: " In Part One of this book I have attempted to trace the history of the Khazar Empire based on the scant existing sources.

According to The God that Failed by Arthur Koestler, a former member of the Communist Party of Germany, the largest communist party in Western Europe in the Interwar period, communists, aligned with the Soviet Union, continued to consider the " social fascist " Social Democratic Party of Germany to be the real enemy in Germany, even after the Nazi Party had gotten into power.

Whereas people like Arthur Koestler left the Party after seeing the friendly reception of Nazi foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in Moscow during the years of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ( 1939-1941 ), Hobsbawm stood firm even after the Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia, though he was against them both.

As a former member of the Communist party, Koestler rises above the dichotomy of much of the Cold War, showing a deep understanding for the origins of the Soviet Revolution, while at the same time severely criticizing its results.

Koestler wrote Darkness at Noon in German while living in Paris.

In his memoirs, The Invisible Writing, Arthur Koestler recalled that in 1934, Jouvenel was among a small number of French intellectuals who promised moral and financial support to the newly-established Institut pour l ' Étude du Fascisme, a supposedly self-financing enterprise of the Popular Front.

Koestler's materialistic account argues that the personal experience of duality arises from what Koestler calls a holon.

For some prominent communists such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism and even turned the first three into fervent anti-Communists eventually.

For some prominent former communists, such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism and turned the first three into fervent anti-communists.

For some prominent communists such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism, and even turned the first three into fervent anti-Communists eventually.

Koestler biographer Michael Scammell writes that Koestler told French biologist Pierre Debray-Ritzen he " was convinced that if he could prove that the bulk of Eastern European Jews ( the ancestors of today's Ashkenazim ) were descended from the Khazars, the racial basis for anti-Semitism would be removed and anti-Semitism itself could disappear ".

The six contributors were Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Stephen Spender, and Richard Wright.

* Robert L. Morris ( 1942 – 2004 ), first holder of the Koestler Chair of Parapsychology at the University of Edinburgh

The first Horizon in colour was Koestler on Creativity, produced by Robert Vas, 5 December 1967.

Some of the leading lights attending the Titania Palace conference included Franz Borkenau, Karl Jaspers, John Dewey, Ignazio Silone, James Burnham, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Bertrand Russell, Ernst Reuter, Raymond Aron, Alfred Ayer, Benedetto Croce, Jacques Maritain, Arthur Koestler, James T. Farrell, Richard Löwenthal, Robert Montgomery, Melvin J. Lasky, Tennessee Williams and Sidney Hook.

Its Editorial Board included Raymond Aron, George Bailey, Saul Bellow, Józef Czapski, Robert Conquest, Milovan Djilas, Alexander Galich, Jerzy Giedroye, Gustaw Herling-Grudzinski, Eugène Ionesco, Arthur Koestler, Naum Korzhavin, Mihajlo Mihajlov, Ludek Pachman, Alexander Sakharov, Alexander Schmemann, Zïnaida Schakovskoy, Wolf Siedler, Ignazio Silone, Strannik, and Carl-Gustav Ströhm.

According to Dictionary. com and Etymonline. com the term, or at least the expansion of its use beyond the Russian language, originated in the writings of Arthur Koestler, circa 1941 ; and in this context it originally meant " Communist agent or spy ".

Flannery O ' Connor with Arthur Koestler ( left ) and Robie Macauley at the University of Iowa in 1947.

Finally, Koestler defines a holarchy as a hierarchy of self-regulating holons that function first as autonomous wholes in supra-ordination to their parts, secondly as dependent parts in sub-ordination to controls on higher levels, and thirdly in coordination with their local environment.

Mark Turner and Gilles Fauconnier cite Arthur Koestler ´ s 1964 book The Act of Creation as an early forerunner of conceptual blending: Koestler had identified a common pattern in creative achievements in the arts, sciences and humor that he had termed " bisociation of matrices "-a notion he described with many striking examples, but did not formalize in algorithmic terms.

Through extended visits in more remote places such as the Moldavian ASSR ( where he got in touch with his friend Ecaterina Arbore ), Nizhny Novgorod, Baku and Batumi, Istrati learned the full truth of Joseph Stalin's communist dictatorship, out of which experience he wrote his famous book, The Confession of a Loser, the first in the succession of disenchantments expressed by intellectuals such as Arthur Koestler, André Gide and George Orwell.

Waiting in Lisbon for passage to England, Koestler heard a false report that the ship taking Hardy to England had been torpedoed and all persons lost ( along with his only manuscript ); he attempted suicide.

Koestler drew on his experience of being imprisoned by Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War, which he described in his memoir Dialog with Death.

Her writing also reflects an affinity for Arthur Koestler and Rebecca West, with her strong opposition to any form of tyranny and totalitarianism.

Furst has been called " an heir to the tradition of Eric Ambler and Graham Greene, whom he cites along with Joseph Roth and Arthur Koestler as important influences.

Furst has been called " an heir to the tradition of Eric Ambler and Graham Greene, whom he cites along with Joseph Roth and Arthur Koestler as important influences.

The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe is a 1959 book by Arthur Koestler, and one of the main accounts of the history of cosmology and astronomy in the Western World, beginning in ancient Mesopotamia and ending with Isaac Newton.

The concept of holon, however, is closely integrated in " Janus " with the theory of complex systems as was developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Herbert Simon, both well known investigators and friends of Koestler.

Some of the prominent names that have collaborated with GRECE include Arthur Koestler, Hans Eysenck, Konrad Lorenz, Mircea Eliade, Raymond Abellio.

Koestler shares with Ryle the view that the mind of a person is not an independent non-material entity, temporarily inhabiting and governing the body.

The Call-Girls: A Tragi-Comedy with Prologue and Epilogue is a novel ( ISBN 0-09-112550-2 ) by Arthur Koestler.

** Living with Koestler: Mamaine Koestler's Letters 1945-51, a book about Arthur and Mamaine Koestler

Koestler surmised that Kammerer's experiments on the midwife toad may have been tampered with by a Nazi sympathizer at the University of Vienna.

Barkun describes the book as an " eccentric work ", and writes that Koestler was " unequipped with the specialist background the subject might be thought to require ", but that he " nevertheless made an amateur's serious attempt to investigate and support the theory.

Koestler said he adapted his neologism " holon " from the concept of holism, which was introduced by South African statesman Jan Smuts in his 1926 book, Holism and Evolution.

The Thirteenth Tribe ( 1976 ) is a book by Arthur Koestler, which advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people.

Koestler did not see alleged Khazar ancestry as diminishing the claim of Jews to Israel, which he felt was based on the United Nations mandate and not on Biblical covenants or genetic inheritance.

Michael Barkun writes that Koestler was apparently " either unaware of or oblivious to the use anti-Semites had made of the Khazar theory since its introduction at the turn of the century.

Koestler starts off the book by looking back into his childhood about his philosophy of the world.