The Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev ( also written Kondratieff ) was the first to bring these observations to international attention in his book The Major Economic Cycles ( 1925 ) alongside other works written in the same decade.

Fordism was the techno-economic paradigm of the fourth Kondratiev Wave, and post-Fordism is thus the techno-economic paradigm of the fifth, which is dominated by Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ).

Other analyses have pointed to developmental surges ( see Kondratiev wave ), theorizing that the Second Industrial Revolution was causing large shifts in the economies of many states, imposing transition costs, which may also have played a role in causing the depression.

While the key carrier technology of the first Industrial Revolution ( 1770 – 1850 ) was based on water-powered mechanization, the second Kondratiev ( 1850 – 1900 ) was enabled by steam-powered technology, the third ( 1900 – 1940 ) was characterized by the electrification of social and productive organization, the fourth by motorization and the automated mobilization of society ( 1940 – 1970 ), and the most recent one by the digitization of social systems.

After the especially unsuccessful 2004 campaign, the Rangers traded most of their high-priced veterans ; Leetch was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs just prior to the trade deadline for prospects Maxim Kondratiev, Jarkko Immonen, a first-round pick in the 2004 draft, which became Lauri Korpikoski, and a second-round pick in 2005, which became Michael Sauer.

Kondratiev waves ( also called supercycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle ) are described as sinusoidal-like cycles in the modern capitalist world economy.

Other influences on the world-systems theory come from scholars such as Karl Polanyi, Nikolai Kondratiev and Joseph Schumpeter ( particular, from their research on business cycles and the concepts of three basic modes of economic organization: reciprocal, redistributive, and market modes, which Wallerstein reframed into a discussion of mini-systems, world-empires, and world-economies ).

There are various types of waves, such as Kondratiev wave ( 54 years ), Kuznets swing ( 18 years ), Juglar cycle ( 9 years ) and Kitchin ( about 4 years, see also Joseph Schumpeter ) distinguished by their nature, duration, and, thus, economic impact.

He appears in folklore as a trickster, and in County Mayo thunderstorms were referred to as battles between Lugh and Balor, so he is sometimes considered a storm god: Alexei Kondratiev notes his epithet lonnbeimnech (" fierce striker ") and concludes that " if his name has any relation to ' light ' it more properly means ' lightning-flash ' ( as in Breton luc ' h and Cornish lughes )".

Some World-systems analysts contend capitalism first arose in Song dynasty China by following Kondratiev waves to their source.

According to Kondratiev, the ascendant phase is characterized by an increase in prices and low interest rates, while the other phase consists of a decrease in prices and high interest rates.

The Neo-Schumpeterian approach to post-Fordism is based upon the theory of Kondratiev Waves ( also known as Long Waves ).

Since December 2011 their head coach has been Georgy Kondratiev.

The statistical and historical evidence about the Kondratiev waves of capitalist development from the 1830s onwards is certainly favourable to Marx's theory of the rising organic composition of capital.

As NHL play resumed in 2005 – 06, Sýkora requested to be traded from Anaheim and on January 9, 2006, the New York Rangers acquired Sýkora in exchange for young defenceman Maxim Kondratiev and the return of a 4th round draft pick the Rangers had previously traded to Anaheim.

Some market commentators divide the Kondratiev wave into four ' seasons ', namely, the Kondratiev Spring ( improvement or plateau ) and Summer ( acceleration or prosperity ) of the ascendant period and the Kondratiev Fall ( recession or plateau ) and Winter ( acceleration or depression ) of the downward period.

The Late-2000s financial crisis has increased an interest in the theories of long economical cycles ( including Kondratiev cycle ) as a potential explanation of its cause.

Kondratiev identified three phases in the cycle: expansion, stagnation, recession.

* Kondratiev supposed that, in 1896, a new cycle had started.

( Kondratiev wave research has generally neglected to distinguish between innovations that created new goods or services and those that increased productivity.

According to another point of view, the “ new economy ” is a current Kondratiev wave which will end after a 50-year period in the 2040s.

Digital Information and Communication Technologies fulfill those requirements and therefore represent a general purpose technology that can transform an entire economy, leading to a modern, and more developed form of socio-economic and political organization often referred to as the post-industrial society, the fifth Kondratiev, Information society, digital age, and network society, among others.

To consolidate what her Navy had won, the Czarina was fortunate that, for the first time in Russian history, her land forces enjoyed absolute unity of command under her favorite Giaour.

Some people thought he lacked both ability and character, but most agreed that he was noble in appearance and, for a Russian, humane.

England contributed a young subaltern named Newton and the naval architect Samuel Bentham, brother to the economist, who for his colonel's commission was proving a godsend to the Russian fleet.

It was probably at this period that Littlepage got his first good look at the ordinary Russian soldier.

There was, it seems to me, enough in the openly declared principles and intentions of Russian leaders to alienate honorable men without their having to wait to see how it would turn out.

The reason was to speed up domestic production in the USSR, which Khrushchev promised upon grabbing power, and try to end the permanent recession in Russian living standards.

His visit to Warsaw, Poland, after the Russian journey in the summer of 1959 was expected to win the Polish vote which, in several cities, is substantial.

The weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by 500 arrivals each week from West Germany, but the hard truth, says Crossman, is that `` The closing off of East Berlin without interference from the West and with the use only of East German, as distinct from Russian, troops was a major Communist victory, which dealt West Berlin a deadly, possibly a fatal, blow.

By late afternoon the train inched into the marshaling yards in the railhead at Lublin, which was filled with lines of cars poised to pour the tools of war to the Russian front.

Once the full extent of this Russian military penetration of Cuba was clear, President Kennedy announced we would take whatever action was appropriate to prevent this, even if we had to go it alone.

Nevertheless, Prokofieff was much influenced by Paris during the Twenties: the Paris which was the artistic center of the Western World -- the social Paris to which Russian aristocracy migrated -- the chic Paris which attracted the tourist dollars of rich America -- the avant-garde Paris of Diaghileff, Stravinsky, Koussevitzky, Cocteau, Picasso -- the laissez-faire Paris of Dadaism and ultramodern art -- the Paris sympathique which took young composers to her bosom with such quick and easy enthusiasms.

The savage barbarian hordes of red Russian Communism descended on the Athens that was mighty Metronome, sacking and despoiling with their Bolshevistic battle cry of `` Soak the rich '!!

She did not go so far as to say, as was done on other occasions, that Abstraction as well as Impressionism were a Russian invention that had been discarded as unwanted by the people of the U.S.S.R.

To everyone's astonishment he seemed no more like the run-of-the-mine Russian ambassador than George Babbitt was like Fyodor Pavlovitch Karamazov.

At the State Department, hard-bitten Russian experts complained that the Capitol was out of its wits.

Russian tanks and artillery parading through the streets of Havana, Russian intrigue in the Congo, and Russian arms drops in Laos ( using the same Ilyushin transports that were used to carry Communist agents to the Congo ) made it plain once more that the cold war was all of a piece in space and time.

Since Russian was being spoken instead of Spanish, there is no violation of artistry or logic here.

The second half of her program was devoted to Russian composers of this century.

The name " Alaska " ( Аляска ) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning " the mainland " or, more literally, " the object towards which the action of the sea is directed ".

As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.