In particular, the term refers to a strict monophysite sect that separated itself, in the end of the 5th century, from the rule of Peter Mongus, Patriarch of Alexandria, and remained " without king or bishop " until they were reconciled by Mark II ( 799-819 ).

In sociology a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society.

# In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state.

Consequentialism refers to moral theories that hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action ( or create a structure for judgment, see rule consequentialism ).

The Jewish Messiah refers to a human leader, physically descended from the Davidic line, who will rule and unite the people of Israel and will usher in the Messianic Age of global and universal peace.

In current usage, the word monarchy generally refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule, as elective monarchies are rare in the modern period ( though they do still exist in Vatican City, Andorra and Malaysia ).

" In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders ' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Muslim rule.

This refers to the re-establishment of British rule in the year 1833 during which Argentina states the existing population living in the islands was expelled.

Taken literally or strictly, theocracy means rule by God or gods and refers primarily to an internal " rule of the heart ", especially in its biblical application.

There were emperors who abdicated and cloistered emperors before and after the Heian period, but the cloistered rule system usually refers to the governing system put in place by Emperor Shirakawa in 1086 and remained in force until the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192.

" Kāma " which is one of the three goals of Hindu life, means sensual or sexual pleasure, and " sūtra " literally means a thread or line that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism ( or line, rule, formula ), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual.

The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomena is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic.

The Chinese democracy movement (, abbreviated as Mínyùn ()) refers to a series of loosely organized political movements in the People's Republic of China against the continued one-party rule by the Communist Party.

An L-system is context-free if each production rule refers only to an individual symbol and not to its neighbours.

* In the Future Century timeline, the word " Gundam " refers to a space colony's entry in the " Gundam Fight ", a competition that determines which colony would rule the Earth for the next 4 years.

The usual usage of the term ' transformation ' in linguistics refers to a rule that takes an input typically called the Deep Structure ( in the Standard Theory ) or D-structure ( in the extended standard theory or government and binding theory ) and changes it in some restricted way to result in a Surface Structure ( or S-structure ).

Late Imperial China refers to the period between the end of Mongol rule in 1368 and the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 and includes the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Niccolò Machiavelli, building on this opposition, conflates all rule by a single person ( whom he generally refers to as a " prince ") with " tyranny ," regardless of the legitimacy of that rule, in his Discourses on Livy.

* Under Japanese rule, 廳 ( chō ) translated to prefecture, so the subprefecture refers to 支廳 ( shichō ).

The history of the Moldovan language refers to the historical evolution of the glottonym Moldavian / Moldovan in Moldova and beyond, which is closely tied to the region's political status, with long periods of rule by Russia and the Soviet Union influencing the language's name and ( when Cyrillic script was in use ) orthography.

Available written records such as the Malay Annals refers to Selangor as Samarlingga during the rule of Seri Paduka Maharaja in Singapore ( 1301 – 1400 ) whereas some Chinese maps from the Ming Dynasty used by the Admiral Zheng He during his voyages of expedition between 1405 to 1433 refers to the Klang River and Selangor Darat ( or inland Selangor ).

The term thalassocracy ( from Greek language ( thalassa ), meaning sea, and ( kratein ), meaning " to rule ", giving ( thalassokratia ), " rule of the sea ") refers to a state with primarily maritime realms — an empire at sea, such as Athens or the Phoenician network of merchant cities.

Such anxiety is ironic to the reader, who knows of the narrator's implicit survival: the text refers to the black-robed judges having lips " whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words ", showing that he himself is writing the story after the events have happened.

* In German jurisdiction: The term Senat ( senate ) in higher courts of appeal refers to the " bench " in its broader metonymy meaning, describing members of the judiciary collectively ( usually five judges ), often occupied with of a particular subject-matter jurisdiction.

* Bench ( law ), the location where a judge sits while in court, often a raised desk in a courtroom ; also refers to the judiciary as a whole ( to differentiate from the bar ( law ) – the lawyers or barristers ); and may also mean a group of judges hearing a case and judging on a case.

Although often referred to in practice as the Divisional Court, a Divisional Court is in fact not a separate court or division of the High Court but essentially refers to the number of judges sitting.

It refers to the adornments that lawyers and judges wear in the wrist ( puño ) of shirts.

The Bible also refers to it as (, " the Eastern sea ") and (, " Sea of the Arabah ").

In his hymns, he sometimes refers to himself as a ' herdsman ' (, ‘ allānâ ), to his bishop as the ' shepherd ' (, rā ‘ yâ ) and his community as a ' fold ' (, dayrâ ).

Jacobitism (, ) refers to the political movement in Great Britain and Ireland to restore the Stuart King James II of England and his heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The Azulejo (, ) refers to a typical form of Portuguese or Spanish painted, tin-glazed, ceramic tilework.

Chirashizushi (, " scattered sushi ") is a bowl of sushi rice topped with a variety of sashimi and garnishes ( also refers to barazushi ).

The Great Tribulation (, thlipsis megalē ) refers to tumultuous events that are described during the " signs of the times ", first mentioned by Jesus in the Olivet discourse.

Dari (, Darī, pronounced ) or Fārsī-ye Darī (, ) refers to the dialects of modern Persian spoken in Afghanistan, and is hence also known as Afghan Persian in some Western sources.

The Southern Song (, 1127 – 1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin Dynasty.

The Emperor (, ) refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning between the founding of Qin Dynasty of China, united by the King of Qin in 221 BCE, and the fall of Yuan Shikai's Empire of China in 1916.

The film's title refers to a popular Greek protest slogan (, ) meaning " he ( Lambrakis ) lives ".

Alastor (, English translation: " avenger ") refers to a number of people and concepts in Greek mythology:

In Greek mythology, Iphianassa (, " strong queen ") is a name that refers to several characters.

Eurynomê (, from, eurys, " broad " +, nomos, " pasture " or " law ") is a name that refers to the following characters in Greek mythology:

Khalistan movement refers to a global political secessionist movement which seeks to create a separate Sikh state, called Khālistān (, " The Land of the Pure ") in the Punjab region of South Asia.

Hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words which can be written with hanja, and hanmun (, ) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although " hanja " is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts.

The Tzadikim Nistarim (, hidden righteous ones ) or Lamed Vav Tzadikim (, 36 righteous ones ), often abbreviated to Lamed Vav ( niks ), refers to 36 Righteous people, a notion rooted within the more mystical dimensions of Judaism.

From the Greek (, “ holy ” or “ saint ”) and (, “ to write ”), it refers literally to writings on the subject of such holy people, and specifically to the biographies of saints and ecclesiastical leaders.