Logical positivism ( also known as logical empiricism, scientific philosophy, and neo-positivism ) is a philosophy that combines empiricism — the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge — with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.

Initially, two additional levels of representation were introduced ( LF — Logical Form, and PF — Phonetic Form ), and then in the 1990s Chomsky sketched out a new program of research known as Minimalism, in which Deep Structure and Surface Structure no longer featured and PF and LF remained as the only levels of representation.

* 896. 1-1991 IEEE Standard for Futurebus + — Logical Protocol Specification

" His doctrines were developed in his edition of Aldrich's Artis logicae rudimenta ( 1849 ) — his chief contribution to the reviving study of Aristotle — and in his Prolegomena logica: an Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes ( 1851, 2nd ed.

* Shift / Rotate — Arithmetic and Logical Shifts, 16-and 17-bit Rotates

Logical positivism ( also known as logical empiricism, scientific philosophy, and neo-positivism ) is a philosophy that combines empiricism — the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge — with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.

LAND — Logical bitwise and of all bits in operands

LOR — Logical bitwise or of all bits in operands

LNOT — Logical bitwise complement of all bits in operand

He also wrote Pre-Sonido 13: Rectificación básica al sistema musical clásico — Análisis físico musical ( Pre-Thirteenth Sound: Essential Rectification to classical musical system — Physical musical analysis ) and Teoría lógica de la música ( Logical Theory of Music ).

In July 2008 he published a study of the mathematical work of Lewis Carroll, the creator of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass — Lewis Carroll in Numberland: His Fantastical Mathematical Logical Life.

The 0. 0. 15. 255 wildcard in this example indicates a subnetwork with a maximum of 4094 hosts — it is the bitwise complement of the subnet mask 255. 255. 240. 0.

This can easily be extended to 128K, 256K or 512K if the address pointed to is forced to be on a half-word, word or double-word boundary ( but, requiring an additional " shift left " bitwise operation — by 1, 2 or 3 bits — in order to adjust the offset by a factor of 2, 3 or 4, before its addition to the base address ).

The equivalence classes of ~— also called the orbits of the action of H on G — are the right cosets of H in G. Interchanging a and b yields the left cosets.

Differences between nuclear masses were calculated in this way and — when nuclear reactions were measured — were found to agree with Einstein's calculation of the equivalence of mass and energy to high accuracy ( within 1 percent as of in 1934 ).

To obtain a new equivalence relation or preorder one must take the transitive closure ( reflexivity and symmetry — in the case of equivalence relations — are automatic ).

Any form of gravitational shielding would represent a violation of the equivalence principle, and would be inconsistent with the extremely precise null result observed in the Eötvös experiment and its successors — all of which have instead confirmed the precise equivalence of active and passive gravitational mass with inertial mass that was predicted by general relativity.

In homotopy theory any mapping is ' as good as ' a fibration — i. e. any map can be decomposed as a homotopy equivalence into a " mapping path space " followed by a fibration.

The carbon neutral concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases ( GHG ) measured in terms of their carbon dioxide equivalence — the impact a GHG has on the atmosphere expressed in the equivalent amount of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

The equivalence theorem also is a springboard for Coase's primary achievement — providing the pillars for the New Institutional Economics.

From the monotonicity and continuity of relation composition, it follows immediately that the set of the bisimulations is closed under unions ( joins in the poset of relations ), and a simple algebraic calculation shows that the relation of bisimilarity — the join of all bisimulations — is an equivalence relation.

The Greek-Cypriots called the first of these coins the δεκάρα ( dekara — from the Greek word deka that means ten ), referring to its equivalence to 10 para.

Note that one need not assume that the other inclusion is also a simple homotopy equivalence — that follows from the theorem.

The canonical class is the divisor class of a Cartier divisor K on V giving rise to the canonical bundle — it is an equivalence class for linear equivalence on V, and any divisor in it may be called a canonical divisor.

The second says that the extension of Q is a single equivalence class ( for isomorphism, in the given example — depending on how up to is being used, some other equivalence relation might be involved ).

Notice all the gluing maps are smooth maps — in particular when we glue to the equivalence relation is generated by the embedding of in, which is smooth by the tubular neighbourhood theorem.

As D is the smallest equivalence relation containing both L and R, we know that a D b implies a J b — so J contains D. In a finite semigroup, D and J are the same.

A graph of the titration curve exhibits an inflection point at the equivalence point — where the graph is steepest.

** there is a one-to-one correspondence between outgoing edges of any two nodes of the same information set — thus the set of all outgoing edges of an information set is partitioned in equivalence classes, each class representing a possible choice for a player's move at some point —, and

Lincoln denounced the decision, alleging it was the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power Lincoln argued, " The authors of the Declaration of Independence never intended ' to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity ', but they ' did consider all men created equal — equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness '.

Lincoln was a master politician, bringing together — and holding together — all the main factions of the Republican Party, and bringing in War Democrats such as Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson as well.

Generally, there is no trial in an appellate court, only consideration of the record of the evidence presented to the trial court and all the pre-trial and trial court proceedings are reviewed — unless the appeal is by way of re-hearing, new evidence will usually only be considered on appeal in " very " rare instances, for example if that material evidence was unavailable to a party for some very significant reason such as prosecutorial misconduct.

The complete prosthesis would consist of the stump attachment system — usually a " socket ", and all the attachment hardware parts all the way down to and including the foot.

In later Pahlavi papyri, up to half of the remaining graphic distinctions of these twelve letters were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters at all, but instead each word had to be learned as a whole — that is, they had become logograms as in Egyptian Demotic.

In German, words starting with sch-( constituting the German phoneme ) would be intercalated between words with initial sca-and sci-( all incidentally loanwords ) instead of this graphic cluster appearing after the letter s, as though it were a single letter — a lexicographical policy which would be de rigueur in a dictionary of Albanian, i. e. dh -, ë -, gj -, ll -, rr -, th -, xh-and zh-( all representing phonemes and considered separate single letters ) would follow the letters d, e, g, l, n, r, t, x and z respectively.

German words with umlaut would further be alphabetized as if there were no umlaut at all — contrary to Turkish which allegedly adopted the German graphemes ö and ü, and where a word like tüfek, " gun ", would come after tuz, " salt ", in the dictionary.

" We never challenged the expulsions themselves ; we challenged the way they were being conducted — all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes ," Mende said.

His fellow students — there were 38 in all — included young Samuel I. Hayakawa ( later to become a Republican member of the U. S. Senate ), Ralph Moriarty deBit ( later to become the spiritual teacher Vitvan ) and Wendell Johnson ( founder of the Monster Study ).

The 21st chapter was omitted from the editions published in the United States prior to 1986 .< ref > Burgess, Anthony ( 1986 ) A Clockwork Orange Resucked in < u > A Clockwork Orange </ u >, W. W. Norton & Company, New York .</ ref > In the introduction to the updated American text ( these newer editions include the missing 21st chapter ), Burgess explains that when he first brought the book to an American publisher, he was told that U. S. audiences would never go for the final chapter, in which Alex sees the error of his ways, decides he has lost all energy for and thrill from violence and resolves to turn his life around ( a slow-ripening but classic moment of metanoia — the moment at which one's protagonist realises that everything he thought he knew was wrong ).

" The Old Testament is responsible for more atheism, agnosticism, disbelief — call it what you will — than any book ever written ; it has emptied more churches than all the counter-attractions of cinema, motor bicycle and golf course.

Ammonius asks Plutarch what he, being a Boeotian, has to say for Cadmus, the Phoenician who reputedly settled in Thebes and introduced the alphabet to Greece, placing alpha first because it is the Phoenician name for ox — which, unlike Hesiod, the Phoenicians considered not the second or third, but the first of all necessities.

The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops — the country follows the doctrine of " armed neutrality " with all males required to have military training — a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850, 000.

This information, known as a program or brief, is essential to producing a project that meets all the needs and desires of the owner — it is a guide for the architect in creating the design concept.

Similar to the view of Leopold Kronecker that " God made the integers ; all else is the work of man ," musicians drawn to the alphorn and other instruments that sound the natural harmonics, such as the natural horn, consider the notes of the natural harmonic series — particularly the 7th and 11th harmonics — to be God's Notes, the remainder of the chromatic scale enabled by keys, valves, slides and other methods of changing the qualities of the simple open pipe being an artifact of mere mortals.

But if I have not, not even all the statues in the world — the products of vulgar, worthless men — would make any difference.