El Niño – Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ), or El Niño / La Niña – Southern Oscillation, is a quasiperiodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly every five years.

The Southern Oscillation refers to variations in the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean ( warming and cooling known as El Niño and La Niña respectively ) and in air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific.

The two variations are coupled: the warm oceanic phase, El Niño, accompanies high air surface pressure in the western Pacific, while the cold phase, La Niña, accompanies low air surface pressure in the western Pacific.

The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations, El Niño and La Niña, cause extreme weather ( such as floods and droughts ) in many regions of the world.

When this warming or cooling occurs for only seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño / La Niña " conditions "; when it occurs for more than that period, it is classified as El Niño / La Niña " episodes ".

While not a direct cause of El Niño, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, or MJO, propagates rainfall anomalies eastward around the global tropics in a cycle of 30 – 60 days, and may influence the speed of development and intensity of El Niño and La Niña in several ways.

La Niña Conditions.

The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.

Sea surface skin temperature anomalies in November 2007 showing La Niña conditions

La Niña is the name for the cold phase of ENSO, during which the cold pool in the eastern Pacific intensifies and the trade winds strengthen.

The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning " the girl ", analogous to El Niño meaning " the boy ".

La Niña results in wetter-than-normal conditions in Southern Africa from December to February, and drier-than-normal conditions over equatorial East Africa over the same period.

During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China.

In March 2008, La Niña caused a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia by an amount of 2 ° C.

During a time of La Niña, drought plagues the coastal regions of Peru and Chile.

Regional impacts of La Niña.

La Niña causes mostly the opposite effects of El Niño.

La Niña causes above-average precipitation across the North Midwest, the Northern Rockies, Northern California, and the Pacific Northwest's southern and eastern regions.

In Canada, La Niña will in general cause a cooler, snowier winter, such as the near-record-breaking amounts of snow recorded in the La Niña winter of 2007 / 2008 in Eastern Canada.

Natural deposits terminology also sometimes uses the word bitumen, such as at the La Brea Tar Pits.

La Longue Marche à travers la théorie de Galois Long March Through Galois Theory is an approximately 1600-page handwritten manuscript produced by Grothendieck during the years 1980 – 1981, containing many of the ideas leading to the Esquisse d ' un programme ( see below, and also a more detailed entry ), and in particular studying the Teichmüller theory.

A complete opera composed in 1769 ( presumably as a culminating study ) La vestale ( The Vestal Virgin ) has also been lost.

He also composed one large scale instrumental work in 1815 intended as a study in late classical orchestration: Twenty-Six Variations for the Orchestra on a Theme called La Folia di Spagna.

Since 2000, there have also been complete recordings issued or re-issued of the operas Axur Re d ' Ormus, Falstaff, Les Danaïdes, La Locandiera, La grotta di Trofonio, Prima la musica e poi le parole and Il mondo alla rovescia.

The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have been founded in 343.

The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann – La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam ( Valium ) since 1963.

Chaplin has also been the subject of a musical, Limelight – The Story of Charlie Chaplin by Christopher Curtis and Thomas Meehan, which was performed at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2010.

However, social discontents were also crushed, leading to the Marusia massacre in March 1925 followed by the La Coruña massacre.

La Jetée was the inspiration for Mamoru Oshii's 1987 debut live action feature The Red Spectacles ( and, later for, parts of Oshii's 2001 film Avalon as well ) and also inspired Terry Gilliam's 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ).

Marker also reminds the reader that only one short scene in La Jetée is of a moving image, as Marker could only borrow a movie camera for one afternoon while working on the film.

The government is also developing ports and infrastructure in La Union in the east of the country, in order to use the area as a " dry canal " for transporting goods from Gulf of Fonseca in the Pacific Ocean to Honduras and the Atlantic Ocean in the north.

France also boasts a number of seaports and harbours, including Bayonne, Bordeaux, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brest, Calais, Cherbourg-Octeville, Dunkerque, Fos-sur-Mer, La Pallice, Le Havre, Lorient, Marseille, Nantes, Nice, Paris, Port-la-Nouvelle, Port-Vendres, Roscoff, Rouen, Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Malo, Sète, Strasbourg and Toulon.

Monicelli's works include La grande guerra ( The Great War ), I compagni ( Comrades, also known as The Organizer ), L ' Armata Brancaleone, Vogliamo i colonnelli ( We Want the Colonels ), Romanzo popolare ( Popular Novel ) and the Amici miei series.

Goya's works from 1814 to 1819 are mostly commissioned portraits, but also include the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, the print series of La Tauromaquia depicting scenes from bullfighting, and probably the etchings of Los Disparates.

La Varenne also published a book on pastry in 1667 entitled Le Parfait confitvrier ( republished as Le Confiturier françois ) which similarly updated and codified the emerging haute cuisine standards for desserts and pastries.

In the 1740s, Menon first used the term, but the cooking of Vincent La Chapelle and François Marin was also considered modern.

The increasingly middle-class National Guard under La Fayette also slowly emerged as a power in its own right, as did other self-generated assemblies.

* LaGuardia Place, a street in Greenwich Village which runs from Houston Street to Washington Square, is named for La Guardia ; there is also a statue of the mayor on that street.

The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia 392 pp. popular biography online edition ; also excerpt and text search

* Cycling Since 2004 the Marcha Ciclotourista has been held in La Oliva and the Criterium Ciclista has been held in Corralejo ( also part of the La Oliva municipality ) since 2005.

He also contributed to film magazines from all around the world, including Spanish speaking La Cosa: Cine Fantástico magazine, from Argentina, where he had a monthly column for over four years.