Pinker portrayed Lakoff's arguments as " cognitive relativism, in which mathematics, science, and philosophy are beauty contests between rival frames rather than attempts to characterize the nature of reality ".

Lakoff's 1987 work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, answered some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects of cognitive metaphors ( both culturally specific and human-universal ) on the grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific method.

For instance, observation of very different ideas of mathematics and physics in indigenous peoples led indirectly to ideas such as George Lakoff's " cognitive science of mathematics ", which asks if measurement systems themselves can be objective.

The original subtitle reflected Lakoff's idea that conservatives, at least 1994 conservatives, understood the nature of American politics better than liberals.

George Lakoff's theory of moral politics states that these arise from family role differences ultimately, with a moral code emphasizing the logos or " rule " of the father as being the source of the motivations of the political " right ", and one emphasizing the more merciful moderns or mother-like view as being moral source for the " left ".

Lakoff's claim that Chomsky asserts independence between syntax and semantics has been rejected by Chomsky, who has given examples from within his work where he talks about the relationship between his semantics and syntax.

The essential thrust of Lakoff's work has been the argument that metaphors are primarily a conceptual construction, and indeed are central to the development of thought.

Lakoff's theory has applications throughout all academic disciplines and much of human social interaction.

Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).

Lakoff's original thesis on conceptual metaphor was expressed in his book with Mark Johnson entitled Metaphors We Live By in 1980.

Pinker argued that Lakoff's propositions are unsupported and his prescriptions a recipe for electoral failure.

The term is explained in Mark Johnson's book The Body in the Mind, in case study 2 of George Lakoff's Women, Fire and Dangerous Things and by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking.

In addition to the dissertation on over by Brugman, Lakoff's use of image schema theory also drew extensively on Talmy and Langacker's theories of spatial relations terms as well.

The book could be compared with George Lakoff's Moral Politics, which aims to answer a very similar question.

George Lakoff's " Syntactic Amalgams " paper in 1974 ( Chicago Linguistics Society, 1974 ) posed a challenge for the idea of transformational derivation.

Lakoff's 1977 paper, Linguistic Gestalts ( Chicago Linguistic Society, 1977 ) was an early version of CxG, arguing that the meaning of the whole was not a compositional function of the meaning of the parts put together locally.

The earliest study was " There-Constructions ," which appeared as Case Study 3 in George Lakoff's Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.

Lakoff's writings have become the basis for much research on the subject of women's language.

The application of cognitive theories to comparative psychology has driven many recent studies in animal cognition.

The growing application of cognitive and behavioral psychological theories and concepts to the explanation of hypnosis paved the way for a closer integration of hypnotherapy with various cognitive and behavioral therapies.

" In this first-ever large-scale study ( 347 subjects ), Sackeim and colleagues found that at least some forms ( namely bilateral application and outdated sine-wave currents ) of ECT " routine " lead to " adverse cognitive effects ," including global cognitive deficits and memory loss, that persist for up to six months after treatment, suggesting that the induced deficits may be permanent.

The range of scholarly interest in creativity includes a multitude of definitions and approaches involving several disciplines ; psychology, cognitive science, education, philosophy ( particularly philosophy of science ), technology, theology, sociology, linguistics, business studies, and economics, taking in the relationship between creativity and general intelligence, mental and neurological processes associated with creativity, the relationships between personality type and creative ability and between creativity and mental health, the potential for fostering creativity through education and training, especially as augmented by technology, and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of learning and teaching processes.

Construct validation: Methodology and application to three measures of cognitive structure.

Treatment approaches to long term pain include pharmacologic measures, such as analgesics, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants, interventional procedures, physical therapy, physical exercise, application of ice and / or heat, and psychological measures, such as biofeedback and cognitive behavioral therapy.

And his 1948 paper introduced the concept of a cognitive map, which has found extensive application in almost every field of psychology, frequently among scientists who have no idea that they are using ideas first formulated to explain the behavior of rats in mazes.

Pascual-Leone is a world leader in the development of transcranial magnetic stimulation for application in cognitive neuroscience and for therapeutic applications in neurology, psychiatry and neurorehabilitation.

This fallacy is the philosophical / rhetorical application of the multiple comparisons problem in statistics, and apophenia in cognitive psychology.

This endeavor has recently ( 2006 ) expanded as a teletherapy application for cognitive skills enhancement programs for school children.

* Dynamicism, the application of dynamical systems theory to cognitive science

These were intended for international communication, but have found their field of application elsewhere, namely as an aid for persons who lack an adequate ability of using ordinary language, because of motorical or cognitive handicaps.

For this reason, it is not recommended in the model that it be used as a checklist, but rather as Roper states " As a cognitive approach to the assessment and care of the patient, not on paper as a list of boxes, but in the nurse's approach to and organisation of her care " and that nurses in clinical practice deepen their knowledge and understanding of the model and its application ; it is essential that those using such a widespread tool be competent in its correct application.

The view of depression as sustained by intrusive negative cognitions has had particular application in cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ), which aims to challenge and neutralize them through techniques such as cognitive restructuring.

His research includes the application of molecular genetic and brain imaging techniques to the understanding of cognitive ability differences and cognitive ageing.

Its application has been extended to areas such as language and cognitive training, animal training, business and school settings, as well as hospitals and areas of research.

Paris and Paris state there are three main areas of direct application in classrooms: literacy instruction, cognitive engagement, and self-assessment ( 2001 ).

Traditionally, computational linguistics was usually performed by computer scientists who had specialized in the application of computers to the processing of a natural language.

* Clinical linguistics – application of linguistic theory to the field of Speech-Language Pathology.

A general subgrouping based on the application of the comparative method of historical linguistics presently results in the following simplified classification dating in its broad outlines from the 1960s:

For any transformation which is sufficiently diversified in application to be of any interest, most of the methodological work in modern linguistics is not to be considered in determining a corpus of utterance tokens upon which conformity has been defined by the paired utterance test.

Language technology is often called human language technology ( HLT ) or natural language processing ( NLP ) and consists of computational linguistics ( or CL ) and speech technology as its core but includes also many application oriented aspects of them.

He began teaching linguistic analysis at Penn in 1931, developing an increasingly comprehensive approach which saw practical application as part of the war effort in the 1940s, and formally established there in 1946-1947 the first modern linguistics department in the United States.

In the United States, applied linguistics also began narrowly as the application of insights from structural linguistics — first to the teaching of English in schools and subsequently to second and foreign language teaching.

Although the study of vocal range has little practical application in terms of speech, it is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech and language pathology, particularly in relation to the study of tonal languages and certain types of vocal disorders.

Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure.

An early application of forensic linguistics in the United States was related to the status of trademarks as words or phrases in the language.

In the 1980s, Australian linguists discussed the application of linguistics and sociolinguistics to legal issues.

After two years at university, she broke off her linguistics studies ; however, her application to the Hans Eisler Music Academy was rejected.

" After reviewing the works submitted by Dr. Abu-Zeid in his application for promotion, examining them both individually and as a whole, we have reached the following conclusion: his prodigious academic efforts demonstrate that he is a researcher well-rooted in his academic field, well-read in our Islamic intellectual traditions, and with a knowledge of all its many branches — Islamic principles, theology, jurisprudence, Sufism, Qur ’ anic studies, rhetoric and linguistics — He has not rested on the laurels of his in-depth knowledge of this field, but has taken a forthright, critical position.

Interval temporal logics find application in computer science, artificial intelligence and linguistics.

The application of text linguistics has, however, evolved from this approach to a point in which text is viewed in much broader terms that go beyond a mere extension of traditional grammar towards an entire text.

This concept has application to several areas in computer science, notably in computational linguistics and formal language theory.

The term Wizard of Oz ( originally OZ Paradigm ) has come into common usage in the fields of experimental psychology, human factors, ergonomics, linguistics, and usability engineering to describe a testing or iterative design methodology wherein an experimenter ( the “ wizard ”), in a laboratory setting, simulates the behavior of a theoretical intelligent computer application ( often by going into another room and intercepting all communications between participant and system ).

Joseph Greenberg ’ s 1966 book Language Universals was an influential application of markedness to typological linguistics and a break from the tradition of Jakobson and Trubetzkoy.