The growing application of cognitive and behavioral psychological theories and concepts to the explanation of hypnosis paved the way for a closer integration of hypnotherapy with various cognitive and behavioral therapies.

" In this first-ever large-scale study ( 347 subjects ), Sackeim and colleagues found that at least some forms ( namely bilateral application and outdated sine-wave currents ) of ECT " routine " lead to " adverse cognitive effects ," including global cognitive deficits and memory loss, that persist for up to six months after treatment, suggesting that the induced deficits may be permanent.

Lakoff's application of cognitive linguistics to politics, literature, philosophy and mathematics has led him into territory normally considered basic to political science.

The range of scholarly interest in creativity includes a multitude of definitions and approaches involving several disciplines ; psychology, cognitive science, education, philosophy ( particularly philosophy of science ), technology, theology, sociology, linguistics, business studies, and economics, taking in the relationship between creativity and general intelligence, mental and neurological processes associated with creativity, the relationships between personality type and creative ability and between creativity and mental health, the potential for fostering creativity through education and training, especially as augmented by technology, and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of learning and teaching processes.

Construct validation: Methodology and application to three measures of cognitive structure.

Treatment approaches to long term pain include pharmacologic measures, such as analgesics, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants, interventional procedures, physical therapy, physical exercise, application of ice and / or heat, and psychological measures, such as biofeedback and cognitive behavioral therapy.

And his 1948 paper introduced the concept of a cognitive map, which has found extensive application in almost every field of psychology, frequently among scientists who have no idea that they are using ideas first formulated to explain the behavior of rats in mazes.

Pascual-Leone is a world leader in the development of transcranial magnetic stimulation for application in cognitive neuroscience and for therapeutic applications in neurology, psychiatry and neurorehabilitation.

This fallacy is the philosophical / rhetorical application of the multiple comparisons problem in statistics, and apophenia in cognitive psychology.

This endeavor has recently ( 2006 ) expanded as a teletherapy application for cognitive skills enhancement programs for school children.

* Dynamicism, the application of dynamical systems theory to cognitive science

These were intended for international communication, but have found their field of application elsewhere, namely as an aid for persons who lack an adequate ability of using ordinary language, because of motorical or cognitive handicaps.

For this reason, it is not recommended in the model that it be used as a checklist, but rather as Roper states " As a cognitive approach to the assessment and care of the patient, not on paper as a list of boxes, but in the nurse's approach to and organisation of her care " and that nurses in clinical practice deepen their knowledge and understanding of the model and its application ; it is essential that those using such a widespread tool be competent in its correct application.

The view of depression as sustained by intrusive negative cognitions has had particular application in cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ), which aims to challenge and neutralize them through techniques such as cognitive restructuring.

His research includes the application of molecular genetic and brain imaging techniques to the understanding of cognitive ability differences and cognitive ageing.

Its application has been extended to areas such as language and cognitive training, animal training, business and school settings, as well as hospitals and areas of research.

Paris and Paris state there are three main areas of direct application in classrooms: literacy instruction, cognitive engagement, and self-assessment ( 2001 ).

While these theories were espoused by Charles Darwin and many of his students, their application as applied in Social Darwinism and General Evolution characterized in the theories of Spencer and White, historicism was neither anti-selection, nor anti-evolution, as Darwin never attempted nor offered an explanation for cultural evolution.

Developed by, and named for, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870 – 1924 ), Leninism comprises political and socialist economic theories, developed from Marxism, and Lenin ’ s interpretations of Marxist theory, for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) of the early 20th century.

His " Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan " is considered the initial and decisive step towards the successful application of Mao's revolutionary theories.

Film studies is often considered a separate discipline, though television and video games studies grew out of it, as made evident by the application of basic critical theories such as psychoanalysis, feminism and Marxism.

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as " a studious inquiry or examination ; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws ".

There also have more recently arisen " deflationary " or " minimalist " theories of truth based on the idea that the application of a term like true to a statement does not assert anything significant about it, for instance, anything about its nature, but that the label truth is a tool of discourse used to express agreement, to emphasize claims, or to form certain types of generalizations.

On the whole, coherence theories have been criticized as lacking justification in their application to other areas of truth, especially with respect to assertions about the natural world, empirical data in general, assertions about practical matters of psychology and society, especially when used without support from the other major theories of truth.

When theories are studied in mathematics, they are usually expressed in some formal language and their statements are closed under application of certain procedures called rules of inference.

Sometimes theories are incorrect, meaning that an explicit set of observations contradicts some fundamental objection or application of the theory, but more often theories are corrected to conform to new observations, by restricting the class of phenomena the theory applies to or changing the assertions made.

Their accuracy does not change when new theories are worked out, but rather the scope of application, since the equation ( if any ) representing the law does not change.

Analysis of non steady-state conduction systems is more complex than steady-state systems, and ( except for simple shapes ) calls for the application of approximation theories, and / or numerical analysis by computer.

These beliefs are claimed to be false for reasons ranging from the complete lack of either scientific or anecdotal evidence, to the application of Aristotelian logic to any of the numerous ( and mutually incompatible ) theories of handwriting analysis.

Timothy Hampton writes that " to a degree unequaled by the case of any other writer from the European Renaissance, the reception of Rabelais's work has involved dispute, critical disagreement, and ... scholarly wrangling ..." But at present, " whatever controversy still surrounds Rabelais studies can be found above all in the application of feminist theories to Rabelais criticism ".

This set in motion the eventual fascination of the military organisations with application of quantitative and qualitative research to their theories of combat ; the attempt to translate military thinking as philosophic concepts into concrete methods of combat.

Herman Daly, a leading voice in the discipline of ecological economics, emphasizes that although Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage is one of the most elegant theories in economics, its application to the present day is illogical: " Free capital mobility totally undercuts Ricardo's comparative advantage argument for free trade in goods, because that argument is explicitly and essentially premised on capital ( and other factors ) being immobile between nations.

wide application in astronomy ; his proof, with David L. Lee, that all gravitation theories obeying the Weak Equivalence Principle

The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as: " the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories ".

Analysis of transient systems is more complex and often calls for the application of approximation theories or numerical analysis by computer.

Furthermore, as philosophy in Britain and elsewhere moved away from the influences of logical positivism and emotivism, the development of theories of ethics and their application to practical problems gained in interest.

In his textbooks he selected Indo-European examples that supported the key Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change, and emphasized a sequence of steps essential to success in comparative work: ( a ) appropriate data in the form of texts which must be studied intensively and analysed ; ( b ) application of the comparative method ; ( c ) reconstruction of proto-forms.

In his 1870 essay " On the Graphical Representation of Supply and Demand ", Fleeming Jenkin in the course of " introduc the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature " published the first drawing of supply and demand curves therein, including comparative statics from a shift of supply or demand and application to the labor market.

A general subgrouping based on the application of the comparative method of historical linguistics presently results in the following simplified classification dating in its broad outlines from the 1960s:

Contributors to the consultation 08 / 44 are given time to reflect on the terms suggested for the comparative beauty contest before 11 September 2009 and following that feedback and ComReg's further reflection on that, the comparative contest guidelines will be issued and an application date set by the end of the year.

In a conference in 1960, chaired by Frank Beach, a pioneer in comparative psychology, and attended by luminaries in the field, the term was restricted in its application.

His most famous work from this period was a 1966 article, " Lexical evidence relating Korean to Japanese ", that was based on a systematic application of the comparative method, and which advanced the hypothesis that Korean and Japanese are genetically related.

Gene finding is an important application of comparative genomics, as is discovery of new, non-coding functional elements of the genome.

He soon extended the domain of application of the law of comparative judgment to things that have no obvious physical counterpart, such as attitudes and values ( Thurstone, 1929 ).

One important application involving the law of comparative judgment is the widely-used Analytic Hierarchy Process, a structured technique for helping people deal with complex decisions.

He served on the committees which considered the application of armour to ships and fortifications ( 1861 – 1864 ), and the comparative advantages of Whitworth and Armstrong guns ( 1863 – 1865 ).