Larval stages of endoparasites often infect sites in the host other than the blood or gastrointestinal tract.

Larval plant feeders ( such as the Hessian fly larva ) cause root, stem, or leaf galls to be formed by the host plant.

Larval host plants are mostly undetermined, but these include the families Acanthaceae and Labiatae.

* Larval food plants of Lepidoptera

Larval development occurs within rachises of inflorescences of male plants during autumn and winter.

Larval Toxorhynchites mosquitoes are known as natural predators of other Culicidae.

Larval stages with prominent " arms " are often referred to as pluteus larvae ( often with a prefix to denote taxon ).

Larval ticks are very rarely infected.

Larval lungworm nematodes excreted by infected deer, elk, cattle, horses, and other hosts climb up Pilobolus sporangiophores and are discharged with the sporangium.

Larval horse flies are predators of small invertebrates in moist environments, such as in damp soil, under stones, in rotting logs and the like.

Larval and larviform female glowworms are predators, feeding on millipedes and other arthropods occurring in soil and litter.

Larval legs are 5-segmented, the 10th abdominal segment is often with more-or-less fine or strong spines or hooks.

Larval and pupal diapauses are often regulated by an interruption of this connection, either by preventing release of prothoracicotropic hormone from the brain or by failure of the prothoracic glands to respond to prothoracicotropic hormone.

Larval anisakids are common parasites of marine and anadromous fish ( e. g. salmon, sardine ), and can also be found in squid and cuttlefish.

Larval, aquatic insects are the major food source of Neosho madtoms.

Larval flies have no true legs.

Larval development takes 2 years.

Larval and nymph stages ( immature ticks that cannot reproduce ) of the deer tick feed on birds and small mammals.

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Larval development can last from 15 to 35 days depending environmental conditions including salinity and temperature, as well as location.

Larval stages have many kinds of sensory receptors, including light receptors and chemoreceptors.

Larval great crested newt.

Larval newts usually feed on tadpoles, worms, insects and insect larvae.

Larval development is rapid and adults emerge in summer.

Larval invasion of the skin might give rise to intense, local itching, usually on the foot or lower leg, which can be followed by lesions that look like insect bites, can blister (" ground itch "), and last for a week or more.

Larval development takes between 85 and 95 days.

Larval Atlantic tripletails go though four levels of development ; preflexion, flexion, postflexion, and transformation.

Larval yellow perch survival is based on a variety of factors such as wind speed, turbidity, food availability, and food composition.

Their appearance, next spring, coincides in an almost uncanny way with the flowering of their host plants.

While some genetically modified plants are developed by the introduction of a gene originating from distant, sexually incompatible species into the host genome, cisgenic plants contain genes that have been isolated either directly from the host species or from sexually compatible species.

The double-stranded ( ds ) RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range ( humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria ), genome segment number ( one to twelve ), and virion organization ( T-number, capsid layers, or turrets ).

Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases.

Often-cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects that become dependent on different host plants in the same area.

Nonpreference ( or antixenosis ) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid ; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue ; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation.

Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which are evolved to affect the gut of Lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants.

Incorporating host plant resistance ( HPR ) through plant breeding is another approach used in reducing the impact of caterpillars on crop plants.

In each expedition, volunteers conduct research such as finding and collecting caterpillars and their host plants, and helping to raise caterpillars at all stages of their life cycles and record their relationships with plants and parasites.

This " arms race " has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants.

The life-histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies.

He saw the necessity of observing the whole life cycle of pathogens and attempted to follow it in the living host plants.

Many of the members of the order are parasitic plants, mostly hemi-parasites, able to produce sugars through photosynthesis, but tapping the stems or roots of other plants to obtain water and minerals ; some ( e. g. Arceuthobium ) are obligate parasites, have low concentrations of chlorophyll within their shoots ( 1 / 5 to 1 / 10 of that found in their host ’ s foliage ) and derive the majority of their sustenance from the host ’ s vascular tissues ( water, micro-and macro-nutrients, and sucrose ).

It has very low levels of chlorophyll ; some species such as Cuscuta reflexa can photosynthesize slightly, while others such as C. europaea are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition.

While dodder germination can occur without a host, it has to reach a green plant quickly ; dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants.

Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo ; the cotyledons, though present, are vestigial.

By debilitating the host plant, dodder decreases the ability of plants to resist viral diseases, and dodder can also spread plant diseases from one host to another if it is attached to more than one plant.