The first one who gave a proof was Gottfried Leibniz in a manuscript without a date, where he wrote also that he knew a proof before 1683.

At the 16th meeting of the IMU General Assembly in Bangalore, India in August 2010, Berlin was chosen as the location of the permanent office of the IMU, which was opened on January 1, 2011, and is hosted by the Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics ( WIAS ), an institute of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community, with about 120 scientists engaging in mathematical research applied to complex problems in industry and commerce.

Kant claimed it was Hume ’ s skepticism about the nature of inductive reasoning and the conclusions of rationalist metaphysicians ( Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz ) that " roused him from his dogmatic ( i. e. rationalist ) slumbers " and spurred him on to one of the most far reaching re-evaluations of human reason since Aristotle.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( who met Malebranche in Paris in about 1675 and corresponded with him thereafter ) also rejected the vision in God, and his theory of pre-established harmony was designed as a new alternative to occasionalism as well as to the more traditional theory of efficient causal interaction.

Psycho-physical parallelism is a very unusual view about the interaction between mental and physical events which was most prominently, and perhaps only truly, advocated by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.

During the 17th century in France the idea of Bibliotheca Universalis came about from well established academics and librarians-Conrad Gessner, Gabriel Naudé, John Dury, and Gottfried Leibniz.

Leibniz picks up on the generalization used by Locke and adopts a less rigid approach: clearly there is no perfect correspondence between words and things, but neither is the relationship completely arbitrary, although he seems vague about what that relationship might be.

In 1903 Peano published the article De Latino Sine Flexione to introduce his language, by quoting a series of suggestions by Leibniz about a simplified form of Latin.

The reason for publishing these two tracts in his Optics, from the subsequent editions of which they were omitted, is thus stated in the advertisement: " In a letter written to Leibniz in the year 1679, and published by Dr Wallis, I mentioned a method by which I had found some general theorems about squaring curvilinear figures on comparing them with the conic sections, or other the simplest figures with which they might be compared.

At Berlin Jablonski worked hard to bring about a union between the followers of Luther and those of Calvin ; the courts of Berlin, Hanover, Brunswick and Gotha were interested in his scheme, and his principal helper was the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz.

Mistakes and philosophical weaknesses in reasoning about infinitesimal numbers in the work of Gottfried Leibniz, Johann Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, and others were the reason that they were originally abandoned for the more cumbersome real number-based arguments developed by Georg Cantor, Richard Dedekind, and Karl Weierstrass, which were perceived as being more rigorous by Weierstrass's followers.

William Paley believed that organisms were perfectly adapted to the lives they lead, an argument that shadowed Leibniz, who had argued that God had brought about the best of all possible worlds.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who thought much about perfection and held the world to be the best of possible worlds, did not claim that it was perfect.

Steuco ’ s influence can be found throughout Leibniz ’ s works, but the German was the first philosopher to refer to the perennial philosophy without mentioning the Italian.

Another vital referent is Leibniz ’ s project of an ideographic language called " universal character ", based on the principles of Chinese characters.

Bliss stated that his own work was an attempt to take up the thread of Leibniz ’ s project.

* Gottfried Leibniz argues in his essay On Nature Itself that refusing to acknowledge an active force in things and instead " simply to absorb this force into a command of God ’ s-a command given just once in the past, having no effect on things and leaving no traces of itself in them-is so far from making the matter easier to grasp that it is more like abandoning the role of the philosopher altogether and cutting the Gordian knot with a sword.

Expounding upon Leibniz ’ s concept of petites apperceptions and the idea of apperception, Herbart believed the apperceiving mass to be crucial in selecting similar ideas from down in the unconscious to join its forces in the conscious.

As a student of Leibniz ’ s calculus, Johann Bernoulli sided with him in 1713 in the Newton – Leibniz debate over who deserved credit for the discovery of calculus.

Leibniz rejected Bodin ’ s view of sovereignty, stating that it might amount only to territorial control, and the consequence drawn by writers in Bodin ’ s tradition that federalism was chimeric.

* Sven Hedin ’ s correspondence is in the archive of the German Foreign Office in Bonn, in the German Federal Archives in Koblenz, at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig, and above all in the Ethnographic Museum and in the National Archives in Stockholm.

*" Kant ’ s Relation to Hume and Leibniz ", The Philosophical Review, 24 ( 1915 ) No. 3: 288 – 96

A lifelong aficionado of the philosophy of G. W. Leibniz, Rescher has been instrumental in the reconstruction of Leibniz ’ s machina deciphratoria, an ancestor of the famous Enigma cipher machine.

Whitehead was not a subjective idealist and, while his philosophy resembles the concept of monads first proposed by Leibniz, Whitehead ’ s occasions of experience are interrelated with every other occasion of experience that has ever occurred.

Hegel, however, is critical of Leibniz ’ s construction because, since these monads are indifferent to each other and, strictly speaking, are not Others to one another, they cannot determine each other and so no origin can be found for the harmony that is claimed to exist between them.

According to Flanagan, “ The ‘ old mysterians ’ were dualists who thought that consciousness cannot be understood scientifically because it operates according to nonnatural principles and possesses nonnatural properties .” Apparently, some apply the terms to thinkers throughout history who suggested some aspect of consciousness may not be knowable or discoverable, including Gottfried Leibniz, Samuel Johnson, and Thomas Huxley.

This is similar to Leibniz ’ s principle of sufficient reason Leibniz argues that everything in the world is contingent that it may or may not have existed.

The Monadology ( La Monadologie, 1714 ) is one of Gottfried Leibniz ’ s best known works representing his later philosophy.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz argued that idealized numbers containing infinitesimal s be introduced.

* 1675 – Leibniz makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus.

The long s survives in elongated form, and with an italic-style curled descender, as the integral symbol used in calculus ; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz based the character on the Latin word summa (" sum "), which he wrote ſumma.

At the turn of the 20th century, Otto Stolz, Paul du Bois-Reymond, Giuseppe Veronese, and others produced controversial work on non-Archimedean models of Euclidean geometry, in which the distance between two points may be infinite or infinitesimal, in the Newton – Leibniz sense.

Some scholars question whether Frege's negative review of the Philosophy of Arithmetic helped turn Husserl towards Platonism, but he had already discovered the work of Bernhard Bolzano independently around 1890 / 91 and explicitly mentioned Bernard Bolzano, Gottfried Leibniz and Hermann Lotze as inspirations for his newer position.

It was mainly based on Leibniz ' work.

This framework eventually became modern calculus, whose notation for integrals is drawn directly from the work of Leibniz.

Gottfried Leibniz has been credited with being the founder of symbolic logic for his work with the calculus ratiocinator.

Descartes ' work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics.

Roget's schema of classes and their subdivisions is based on the philosophical work of Leibniz ( see Leibniz — Symbolic thought ), itself following a long tradition of epistemological work starting with Aristotle.

Gottfried Leibniz ( 1646 – 1716 ), building on Pascal's work, became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators ; he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator.

Gottfried Leibniz introduced the term theodicy in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l ' homme et l ' origine du mal (" Theodicic Essays on the Benevolence of God, the Free will of man, and the Origin of Evil ") which was directed mainly against Bayle.

The term was coined in 1710 by German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in his work, Théodicée, though various responses to the problem of evil had been previously proposed.

The term theodicy was coined by German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work, written in French, Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l ' homme et l ' origine du mal ( Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil ).

In Europe, during the later half of the 17th century, Newton and Leibniz independently developed infinitesimal calculus, which grew, with the stimulus of applied work that continued through the 18th century, into analysis topics such as the calculus of variations, ordinary and partial differential equations, Fourier analysis, and generating functions.

For their ideas on derivatives, both Newton and Leibniz built on significant earlier work by mathematicians such as Isaac Barrow ( 1630 – 1677 ), René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), Christiaan Huygens ( 1629 – 1695 ), Blaise Pascal ( 1623 – 1662 ) and John Wallis ( 1616 – 1703 ).

His chief works are a monograph on Aenesidemus the Sceptic ( 1840 ); Le Scepticisme: Ænésidème, Pascal, Kant ( 1845 ); a translation of Spinoza ( 1843 ); Précurseurs et disciples de Descartes ( 1862 ); Discours de la philosophie de Leibniz ( 1857 )-- a work which had great influence on the progress of thought in France ; Essai de philosophie religieuse ( 1859 ); Critique et histoire de la philosophie ( 1865 ).

The work of Leibniz also anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or a priori definitions rather than to empirical evidence.

* The Great Chain of Being reflected in the work of Descartes, Spinoza & Leibniz Peter Suber, Earlham College, Indiana

Leibniz, quantities which could not actually exist except conceptually, the founder of Lettrism, Isidore Isou, developed the notion of a work of art which, by its very nature, could never be created in reality, but which could nevertheless provide aesthetic rewards by being contemplated intellectually.

He argued that Kant's work was wholly derivative, simply adopting the work of Gottfried Leibniz, and a variety of dogmatism.