Lenneberg's 1964 paper " The Capacity of Language Acquisition ," originally published in 1960, sets forth seminal arguments about the human-specific biological capacity for language, which were then being developed in his research and discussions with George A. Miller, Noam Chomsky, and others at Harvard and MIT, and popularized by Steven Pinker in his book, The Language Instinct.

Lenneberg's main criticism of Whorf's works was that he had never actually shown the causality between a linguistic phenomenon and a phenomenon in the realm of thought or behavior, but merely assumed it to be there.

Lenneberg's argument against this notion was that ' linguistic and non-linguistic events must be separately observed and described before they can be correlated.

An example of the influence of universalist theory in the 1960s is the studies by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay who continued Lenneberg's research in color terminology.

The tradition of using the semantic domain of color names as an object for investigation of linguistic relativity began with Lenneberg and Roberts ' 1953 study of Zuni color terms and color memory, and Brown and Lenneberg's 1954 study of English color terms and color memory.

As academic disciplines began to differentiate over the course of the nineteenth century, anthropology grew increasingly distinct from the biological approach of natural history, on the one hand, and from purely historical or literary fields such as Classics, on the other.

The visualization of single molecules, single cells, biological tissues and nanomaterials is an important and attractive approach in analytical science.

The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.

However, in general it is an integrated approach of fundamental biological sciences and traditional engineering principles.

Some critics of this approach feel that while these models approach biological reality as a representation of how the system works, they lack explanatory powers because complicated systems of connections with even simple rules are extremely complex and often less interpretable than the system they model.

These methods can be applied to proteins and other large biological molecules, and allow studies of the approach and interaction ( docking ) of potential drug molecules ( e. g. and ).

Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al., and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century.

The success of this approach to cancer treatment rests on the existence of an ' optical window ' in which biological tissue ( i. e., healthy cells ) are completely transparent at the wavelength of the laser light, while nanoparticles are highly absorbing at the same wavelength.

* At present-day there is developing an interdisciplinary approach which aims at considering macroevolution at a transdisciplinary scale, and concentrates on the comparison between biological and social macroevolution as this gives new significant possibilities to understand peculiarities of each of the two types of macroevolution.

He developed this conception further in several books, The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception ( 1886 ) and Goethe's Conception of the World ( 1897 ), particularly emphasizing the transformation in Goethe's approach from the physical sciences, where experiment played the primary role, to plant biology, where imagination was required to find the biological archetypes ( Urpflanze ), and postulated that Goethe had sought but been unable to fully find the further transformation in scientific thinking necessary to properly interpret and understand the animal kingdom.

This approach is common in most self-replicating systems, including biological life, and is simpler in that it does not require the program to contain a complete description of itself.

Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor, capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods.

While the social sciences sometimes approach gender as a social construct, and gender studies particularly do, research in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in males and females influence the development of gender in humans ; both inform debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity.

John Read, a psychologist, has promoted the idea of socioeconomic status as a significant factor in the development and prevention of mental disorders such as schizophrenia and has noted the reach of pharmaceutical company through industry sponsored websites as promoting a more biological approach to mental disorders, rather than a comprehensive biological, psychological and social model.

In accordance with the precautionary approach, contained in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the objective of the Protocol is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of ' living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology ' that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements ( Article 1 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000 ).

The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.

The Hermann grid illusion and Mach bands are two illusions that are best explained using a biological approach.

In other words, the biotope is not a macroscopic but a microscopic approach to preserving the ecosystem and biological diversity.

This approach validated the idea that different races were not variations of a single species, but instead were of different biological origin.

UNSCOM ’ s intention of identifying and eliminating Iraqi weapons programs resulted in numerous successes, illustrating the “ value of a system approach to biological arms verification ,” as former UNSCOM Historian Stephen Black has written.

Ecology is the leading and most important approach to holism, as it tries to include biological, chemical, physical and economic views in a given area.

Leontyev had seen human action as a result of biological as well as cultural evolution and, drawing on Marx's materialist conception of culture, stressed that individual cognition always is part of social action which in turn is mediated by man-made tools ( cultural artifacts ), language and other man-made systems of symbols, which he viewed as a major distinguishing feature of human culture and, thus, human cognition.

This definition stresses the universality of language to all humans and the biological basis of the human capacity for language as a unique development of the human brain.

The term ' family ' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree or in a subsequent modification to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.

However, unlike the case of biological nomenclature, every level of language relationship is commonly called a family.

Emergentist theories, such as MacWhinney's competition model, posit that language acquisition is a cognitive process that emerges from the interaction of biological pressures and the environment.

Finally, the complexification of human cultures, particularly language, facilitated a quickening of evolution in which cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution.

Tree structures are used to depict all kinds of taxonomic knowledge, such as family trees, the biological evolutionary tree, the evolutionary tree of a language family, the grammatical structure of a language ( a key example being S → NP VP, meaning a sentence is a noun phrase and a verb phrase, with each in turn having other components which have other components ), the way web pages are logically ordered in a web site, mathematical trees of integer sets, et cetera.

In his popular books, he has argued that language is an " instinct " or biological adaptation shaped by natural selection.

There is a complex code of drone body language based on aura colours and patterns ( which is fully understood by biological Culture citizens as well ).

The biological origin of language is in principle a concern of historical linguistics, but most linguists regard it as too remote to be reliably established by standard techniques of historical linguistics, such as the comparative method.

Iconic coding principles may be natural tendencies in language and are also part of our cognitive and biological make-up.

** " Kinship primordialism " holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs ( language, religion, traditions ) are made exactly to show this biological affinity.

He wrote extensively on biological evolution, then known as transformism in France ( the term was also adopted in English at the time but is today used little in either language ).

The methods used for biological sequence alignment have also found applications in other fields, most notably in natural language processing and in social sciences, where the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is usually referred to as Optimal matching.

This view of language evolution covers the general biological trends needed for language development, but it takes another hypothesis to uncover the evolution of the cognitive processes necessary for language.

In general, theoretical linguists propose models to explain the structure of language and how language information is organized, psycholinguists propose models and algorithms to explain how language information is processed in the mind, and neurolinguists analyze brain activity to infer how biological structures ( populations and networks of neurons ) carry out those psycholinguistic processing algorithms.

It is true that language is not a " brute fact ," that it is an institutional fact, a human convention, a metaphysical reality ( that happens to be physically uttered ), but Searle points out that there are language-independent thoughts " noninstitutional, primitive, biological inclinations and cognitions not requiring any linguistic devices ," and that there are many " brute facts " amongst both humans and animals that are truths that should not be altered in the social constructs because language does not truly constitute them, despite the attempt to institute them for any group's gain: money and property are language dependent, but desires ( thirst, hunger ) and emotions ( fear, rage ) are not.