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Let denote the time-independent Hamiltonian, and let and denote the two energy eigenstates of the system, with respective eigenvalues and.
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Let and denote
Let denote the Bézier curve determined by the points P < sub > 0 </ sub >, P < sub > 1 </ sub >, ..., P < sub > n </ sub >.
Let '~' denote an equivalence relation over some nonempty set A, called the universe or underlying set.
Let G denote the set of bijective functions over A that preserve the partition structure of A: ∀ x ∈ A ∀ g ∈ G ( g ( x ) ∈ ).
Let G be a set and let "~" denote an equivalence relation over G. Then we can form a groupoid representing this equivalence relation as follows.
Let n denote a complete set of ( discrete ) quantum numbers for specifying single-particle states ( for example, for the particle in a box problem we can take n to be the quantized wave vector of the wavefunction.
Let ε ( n ) denote the energy of a particle in state n. As the particles do not interact, the total energy of the system is the sum of the single-particle energies.
Let the line of symmetry intersect the parabola at point Q, and denote the focus as point F and its distance from point Q as f. Let the perpendicular to the line of symmetry, through the focus, intersect the parabola at a point T. Then ( 1 ) the distance from F to T is 2f, and ( 2 ) a tangent to the parabola at point T intersects the line of symmetry at a 45 ° angle.
That is, Alice has one half, a, and Bob has the other half, b. Let c denote the qubit Alice wishes to transmit to Bob.
Let H be a Hilbert space, and let H * denote its dual space, consisting of all continuous linear functionals from H into the field R or C. If x is an element of H, then the function φ < sub > x </ sub >, defined by
If V is a real vector space, then we replace V by its complexification V ⊗< sub > R </ sub > C and let g denote the induced bilinear form on V ⊗< sub > R </ sub > C. Let W be a maximal isotropic subspace, i. e. a maximal subspace of V such that g |< sub > W </ sub > = 0.
A possible definition of spoiling based on vote splitting is as follows: Let W denote the candidate who wins the election, and let X and S denote two other candidates.
Let be a sequence of independent and identically distributed variables with distribution function F and let denote the maximum.
Let and Hamiltonian
Next, take a Hamiltonian invariant under T. Let | a > and T | a > be two quantum states of the same energy.
Let V be a Hamiltonian representing a weak physical disturbance, such as a potential energy produced by an external field.
Let H ( 0 ) be the Hamiltonian completely restricted either in the low-energy subspace or in the high-energy subspace, such that there is no matrix element in H ( 0 ) connecting the low-and the high-energy subspaces, i. e. if.
Let us consider a square array of classical spins which may only take two positions: + 1 and − 1, at a certain temperature, interacting through the Ising classical Hamiltonian:
Let denote a representative point in the phase space, and be its image under the Hamiltonian flow at time t. The time average of f is defined to be
Let and let
Let N be a positive integer and let V be the space of all N times continuously differentiable functions F on the real line which satisfy the differential equation Af where Af are some fixed constants.
Let Q be a nonsingular quadric surface bearing reguli Af and Af, and let **zg be a Af curve of order K on Q.
Let us focus on an atom of calcium from the tip of the bone of my finger and let us suppose that I swallow a magic Alice In Wonderland growing pill.
Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord ; and the prayer of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will raise him up ; and if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven.
Let the function g ( t ) be the altitude of the car at time t, and let the function f ( h ) be the temperature h kilometers above sea level.
Let M be a smooth manifold and let x be a point in M. Let T < sub > x </ sub > M be the tangent space at x.
Let M be a smooth manifold and let x be a point in M. Let I < sub > x </ sub > be the ideal of all functions in C < sup >∞</ sup >( M ) vanishing at x, and let I < sub > x </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > be the set of functions of the form, where f < sub > i </ sub >, g < sub > i </ sub > ∈ I < sub > x </ sub >.
Let x, y, z be a system of Cartesian coordinates in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, and let i, j, k be the corresponding basis of unit vectors.
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