Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticised and developed not only by himself, but also by his student and assistant Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Dietrich von Hildebrand.

Husserl's conception of phenomenology has been criticized and developed not only by himself but also by his students Edith Stein and Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Max Scheler, Nicolai Hartmann, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and sociologists Alfred Schütz and Eric Voegelin.

The French philosopher and Talmudic commentator Emmanuel Levinas, whose approach grew out of the phenomenological tradition in philosophy, has also been described as a Jewish existentialist.

Blanchot's work was also strongly influenced by his friends Georges Bataille and Emmanuel Levinas.

Hilary Putnam has also endorsed this idea and ascribes it to Martin Buber, Emmanuel Levinas, and Franz Rosenzweig.

Fusing Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of perception with the ethics of Levinas, Lingis contends that ethical imperatives come not only from other humans, but also from animals, plants, and even inanimate objects.

Critchley offers the example of the ‘ will of God ’ as the prime example of obscurantism, but within continental philosophy also the ‘ drives ’ in Sigmund Freud, ‘ archetypes ’ in Carl Jung, the ‘ real ’ in Jaques Lacan, ‘ power ’ in Michel Foucault, ‘ différance ’ in Jaques Derrida, the ‘ trace of God ’ in Emmanuel Levinas, and the ‘ epochal withdrawal of being in and as history ’ in Martin Heidegger.

Critics, such as Emmanuel Levinas and Karl Löwith, claim that Heidegger's support for National Socialism revealed flaws inherent in his thought.

Some questions raised about Heidegger's philosophy include the priority of ontology, the status of animals, the nature of the religious, Heidegger's supposed neglect of ethics ( Emmanuel Levinas ), the body ( Maurice Merleau-Ponty ), or sexual difference ( Luce Irigaray ).

Emmanuel Levinas was deeply influenced by Heidegger yet became one of his fiercest critics, contrasting the infinity of the good beyond being with the immanence and totality of ontology.

His book, Adieu a Emanuel Levinas, reveals his mentorship by this philosopher and Talmudic scholar who practiced the phenomenological encounter with the Other in the form of the Face, which commanded human response.

Langston argues that philosophers of virtue ethics have unnecessarily neglected conscience for, once conscience is trained so that the principles and rules it applies are those one would want all others to live by, its practise cultivates and sustains the virtues ; indeed, amongst people in what each society considers to be the highest state of moral development there is little disagreement about how to act. Emmanuel Levinas viewed conscience as a revelatory encountering of resistance to our selfish powers, developing morality by calling into question our naive sense of freedom of will to use such powers arbitrarily, or with violence, this process being more severe the more rigorously the goal of our self was to obtain control.

In other words, the welcoming of the Other, to Levinas, was the very essence of conscience properly conceived ; it encouraged our ego to accept the fallibility of assuming things about other people, that selfish freedom of will " does not have the last word " and that realising this has a transcendent purpose: " I am not alone ... in conscience I have an experience that is not commensurate with any a priori a priori and a posteriori framework-a conceptless experience.

Other " by what Emmanuel Levinas claims is the " hopeless compassion with all

Levinas connected it with the scriptural and traditional God, in The Infinite Other.

This " re-write " was accomplished in part with Levinas ' analysis of the distinction between " the saying and the said " but still maintaining a priority of ethics over metaphysics.

Grisey won the highly coveted Prix de Rome and stayed at the Villa Medici in Rome from 1972 to 1974, and in 1973 founded a group called L ’ itinéraire with Tristan Murail, Roger Tessier and Michael Levinas, later to be joined by Hugues Dufourt.

The term was initially associated with composers of the French Ensemble l ' Itinéraire, including Dufourt, Gérard Grisey, Tristan Murail, and Michael Levinas, and the German Feedback group, principally Johannes Fritsch, Mesias Maiguashca, Peter Eötvös, Claude Vivier, and Clarence Barlow.

As a theologian and philosopher, Hart's work epitomizes the " theological turn " in phenomenology, with a focus on figures like Maurice Blanchot, Emmanuel Levinas, Jean-Luc Marion and Jacques Derrida.

* The Exorbitant: Emmanuel Levinas between Jews and Christians ( with Michael A. Signer, 2010 )

thesis dealt with the problem of the overcoming of metaphysics in Heidegger and Carnap ; his Ph. D. dissertation was on the ethics of deconstruction in Emmanuel Levinas and Derrida.

His claim was that Derrida ’ s understanding of ethics has to be understood in relation to his engagement with the work of Levinas and the book attempts to lay out the details of their philosophical confrontation.

Ethics-Politics-Subjectivity ( Verso, 1999 ) is a collection of essays that includes his debate with Richard Rorty, as well as series of essays on Derrida, Levinas, Jacques Lacan, Jean-Luc Nancy.

Ethically, for Levinas, the " Other " is superior or prior to the self ; the mere presence of the Other makes demands before one can respond by helping them or ignoring them.

" Like the writings of Nietzsche, the writings of phenomenologists Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Emmanual Levinas have been recognized by many as providing alternatives to a Cartesian-dualist and Enlightenment-subjectivity worldview.

On the other hand, Blanchot's own literary works, like the famous Thomas the Obscure, heavily influenced Levinas ' and Bataille's ideas about the possibility that our vision of reality is blurred because of the use of words ( thus making everything you perceive automatically as abstract as words are ).

Emmanuel Levinas sought to distinguish his philosophical and Jewish writings ; nevertheless, some scholars are constructing Jewish ethics around his innovative and deeply-Jewish approach.

Noted recipients are Pope John XXIII ( 1962 ), Andrey Kolmogorov ( 1962 ), Paul Hindemith ( 1962 ), Jean Piaget ( 1979 ), Jorge Luis Borges ( 1980 ), Edward Shils ( 1983 ), Jan Hendrik Oort ( 1984 ), Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1986 ), Emmanuel Levinas ( 1989 ), Paul Ricoeur ( 1999 ), Abdul Sattar Edhi ( 2000 ), Eric Hobsbawm ( 2003 ), Bruce A. Beutler ( 2007 ), and Carlo Ginzburg ( 2010 ).

French Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, who had himself been a prisoner of war in Nazi Germany, declared theodicy to be " blasphemous ", arguing that it is the " source of all immorality ", and demanded that the project of theodicy be ended.

" In another essay in Writing and Difference entitled " Violence and Metaphysics: An Essay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas ", the roots of another major theme in Derrida's thought emerges: the Other as opposed to the Same " Deconstructive analysis deprives the present of its prestige and exposes it to something tout autre, " wholly other ," beyond what is foreseeable from the present, beyond the horizon of the " same ".

Emmanuel Levinas: welcoming of the Other is conscience

The Philadelphia Association is still in existence today and is now committed to the exploration of the works of philosophers such as Wittgenstein, Derrida, Levinas and Foucault as well as the work of the French psychoanalyst Lacan.

Philosophy that comes down from the heavens is the kind that-from Plato to Levinas by way of Kant and Christianity-needs a world behind the scenes to understand, explain and justify this world.

Postmodern theoretical apparatus, e. g. Jacques Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas

* Levinas, E. 1969, Totality and infinity, an essay on exteriority, translated by Alphonso Lingis, Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh.

Emmanuel Levinas in 1929 gave a presentation at one of Husserl's last seminars in Freiburg.

Levinas then began to write works that would become widely known and admired.

Postmodern theoretical apparatus, e. g., Jacques Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas

Levinas asked whether the idea of absolutism survived after the Holocaust, which he proposed it did.

Emmanuel Levinas attended his lecture courses during his stay in Freiburg in 1928.

" and other Heideggerian texts were read by Jean-Paul Sartre and other existentialists, as well as by thinkers such as Emmanuel Levinas, Alexandre Kojève and Georges Bataille.

Derrida's contemporary readings of Emmanuel Levinas, Walter Benjamin, Carl Schmitt, Jan Patočka, on themes such as law, justice, responsibility, and friendship, had a significant impact on fields beyond philosophy.

Derrida delivered a eulogy at Levinas ' funeral, later published as Adieu à Emmanuel Lévinas, an appreciation and exploration of Levinas's moral philosophy.

Richard Wolin has argued since 1991 that Derrida's work, as well as that of Derrida's major inspirations ( e. g., Bataille, Blanchot, Levinas, Heidegger, Nietzsche ), leads to a corrosive nihilism.

Derrida's philosophical friends, allies, and students included Paul de Man, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Emmanuel Levinas, Maurice Blanchot, Gilles Deleuze, Jean-Luc Nancy, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Sarah Kofman, Hélène Cixous, Bernard Stiegler, Alexander García Düttmann, Joseph Cohen, Geoffrey Bennington, Jean-Luc Marion, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Raphael Zagury-Orly, Jacques Ehrmann, Avital Ronell, Samuel Weber and Catherine Malabou.

* Adieu: To Emmanuel Levinas, trans.

Husserl's view was based on aspects of the work of Franz Brentano and was developed further by philosophers such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Scheler, Edith Stein, Dietrich von Hildebrand and Emmanuel Levinas.

* Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology ( Oxford: Routledge, 2000 )-Charting phenomenology from Brentano, through Husserl and Heidegger, to Gadamer, Arendt, Levinas, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Derrida.