Recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia in 2011 were that people with familial hypercholesterolemia should follow the The National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) Third Adult Treatment Panel ( ATP III ) Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes ( TLC ) diet and restrict intakes of total fat to 25-35 % of energy intake ; that saturated fatty acids should make up less than 7 % of energy intake, and that cholesterol intake should be less than 200 mg per day.

Lipid bilayers occur when hydrophobic tails line up against one another, forming a membrane hydrophilic heads on both sides facing the water.

Lipid bilayers exhibit high levels of birefringence where the refractive index in the plane of the bilayer differs from that perpendicular by as much as 0. 1 refractive index units.

Lipid membranes are much less permeable to bicarbonate than to carbon dioxide.

Lipid micelles represent a molecular assembly, in which the individual components are thermodynamically in equilibrium with monomers of the same species in the surrounding medium.

The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria.

Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this role because, even though they are only a few nanometers in width, they are impermeable to most water-soluble ( hydrophilic ) molecules.

Lipid asymmetry arises, at least in part, from the fact that most phospholipids are synthesised and initially inserted into the inner monolayer: those that constitute the outer monolayer are then transported to the inner monolayer by a class of enzymes called flippases.

Lipid bilayers are also involved in signal transduction through their role as the home of integral membrane proteins.

Lipid bilayers cannot be seen in a traditional microscope because they are too thin.

Lipid bilayers are complicated molecular systems with many degrees of freedom.

Lipid bilayers are large enough structures to have some of the mechanical properties of liquids or solids.

Lipid anchored proteins are found within the lipid bilayer.

Lipid rafts are more ordered and tightly packed than the surrounding bilayer, but float freely in the membrane bilayer.

Lipid rafts are small microdomains ranging from 10 – 200 nm in size.

Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population, and are regarded as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to their influence on atherosclerosis.

Lipid A with a reduced number of acyl chains ( for example ; four ) can serve as an inhibitor of immune activation induced by Gram-negative bacteria, and synthetic versions of these inhibitors are in clinical trials for the prevention of harmful effects caused by Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2-adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels, and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells.

Lipid accumulation is thought to damage the cells further (“ second hit hypothesis ”).

Lipid A structure and effects on eukaryotic cells have been determined and examined, among others, by the groups of Otto Westphal, Chris Galanos, Ernst T. Rietschel and Hajime Takahashi starting already in the 1960s ( Gmeiner, Luederitz, Westphal.

Lipid A ( and LPS ) has been demonstrated to activate cells via Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ), MD-2 and CD14 on the cell surface ( Poltorak, Beutler et al., Blood Cells Mol Dis 1998 )( Beutler, Poltorak, J Endotoxin Res 2000 )( Park et al., Nature 2009 ).

Lipid tails can also affect membrane properties, for instance by determining the phase of the bilayer.

Hageman factor is also activated by Endotoxin, especially Lipid A.

* GEMs, in Biology, Glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains, also known as Lipid Rafts.

Lipid profiling techniques have also been applied to plants and microorganisms such as yeast.

Lipid biosynthesis also occurs in the intraradical mycelium.

* Lipid transfer proteins, proteins found in plant tissues

Lipid rafts have been found by researchers to be involved in many signal transduction processes, such as Immunoglobulin E signalling, T cell antigen receptor signalling, B cell antigen receptor signalling, EGF receptor signalling, insulin receptor signalling and so on.

* National Lipid Association-Professional medical education organization for health care professionals who seek to prevent morbidity and mortality stemming from dyslipidemias and other cholesterol-related disorders.

Lipid molecules can flip from one side of the membrane to the other, this process being catalyzed by flippases and floppases ( depending on the direction of movement ).

* Lipid bilayer-fundamental organizational structure of cell membranes

Lipid profiling is a targeted metabolomics platform that provides a comprehensive analysis of lipid species within a cell or tissue.

Two-dimensional schematic of a generic GPCR set in a Lipid Raft.

* Lipid and phospholipid-derived hormones derive from lipids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and phospholipids.

Structure of the saccharolipid Kdo < sub > 2 </ sub >- Lipid A. Glucosamine residues in blue, 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid | Kdo residues in red, acyl chains in black and phosphate groups in green.

The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in E. coli is Kdo < sub > 2 </ sub >- Lipid A, a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid ( Kdo ) residues.

Lipid signaling may occur via activation of G protein-coupled or nuclear receptors, and members of several different lipid categories have been identified as signaling molecules and cellular messengers.

* Lipid – another term for fat / oil.

Lipid bilayers can be created artificially in the lab to allow researchers to perform experiments that cannot be done with natural bilayers.

* Structure of Fluid Lipid Bilayers Simulations and publication links related to the cross sectional structure of lipid bilayers.

* Lipid Bilayers and the Gramicidin Channel ( requires Java plugin ) Pictures and movies showing the results of molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers.