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Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ).
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Lisp and was
In the sense that most modern languages are " algol-like ", it was arguably the most successful of the four high level programming languages with which it was roughly contemporary, Fortran, Lisp, and COBOL.
William Frederick Schelter ( 1947 – July 30, 2001 ) was a professor of mathematics at The University of Texas at Austin and a Lisp developer and programmer.
Common Lisp was developed to standardize the divergent variants of Lisp ( though mainly the MacLisp variants ) which predated it, thus it is not an implementation but rather a language specification.
Scheme introduced the sole use of lexically scoped variables to Lisp ; an inspiration from ALGOL 68 which was widely recognized as a good idea.
CCL was previously known as OpenMCL, but that name is no longer used, to avoid confusion with the open source version of Macintosh Common Lisp.
Garbage collection was invented by John McCarthy around 1959 to solve problems in Lisp.
The development of expert systems was aided by the development of the symbolic processing languages Lisp and Prolog.
Unlike Common Lisp, Scheme existed at the time Stallman was rewriting Gosling Emacs into GNU Emacs, but he chose not to use it because of its comparatively poor performance on workstations, and he wanted to develop a dialect which he thought would be more easily optimized.
An early functional-flavored language was Lisp, developed by John McCarthy while at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) for the IBM 700 / 7000 series scientific computers in the late 1950s.
The original Interim Mail Access Protocol was implemented as a Xerox Lisp machine client and a TOPS-20 server.
It was one of the first Common Lisp implementations ever, and exposed a number of holes and mistakes in the specification that had gone unnoticed.
GNU Common Lisp ( GCL ) was derived from AKCL.
Embeddable Common Lisp ( ECL ) was also derived from KCL.
Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus.
Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp.
The power requirements of AI research were exacerbated by the Lisp symbolic programming language, when commercial hardware was designed and optimized for assembly-and Fortran-like programming languages.
Emacs was originally devised as a set of macros in the editing language TECO ; it was later ported to dialects of Lisp.
It was also influenced by Eiffel and Lisp.
First released in 1997, REBOL was designed over a 20 year period by Carl Sassenrath, the architect and primary developer of AmigaOS, based on his study of denotational semantics and using concepts from the programming languages Lisp, Forth, Logo, and Self.
Scheme was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require implementations to perform tail-call optimization.
Lisp and invented
When the memory and processing power of the PDP-10 were exceeded, the Lisp Machine was invented: Lisp Machine Lisp is the direct descendant of Maclisp.
In computing, s-expressions, sexprs or sexps ( for " symbolic expression ") are a notation for nested list ( tree-structured ) data, invented for and popularized by the programming language Lisp, which uses them for source code as well as data.
He invented the term " artificial intelligence " ( AI ), developed the Lisp programming language family, significantly influenced the design of the ALGOL programming language, popularized timesharing, and was very influential in the early development of AI.
An " AI Group " including Marvin Minsky ( the director ), John McCarthy ( who invented Lisp ) and a talented community of computer programmers was incorporated into the newly-formed Project MAC.
Steve Russell invented the continuation in his second Lisp implementation for the IBM 704, though he did not name it.
He invented the continuation to solve a double recursion problem for one of the users of his Lisp implementation.
* ML built a polymorphic type system ( invented by Robin Milner in 1973 ) on top of Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.
Lisp and by
It is extensible through standard features such as Lisp macros ( compile-time code rearrangement accomplished by the program itself ) and reader macros ( extension of syntax to give special meaning to characters reserved for users for this purpose ).
Unlike many earlier Lisps, Common Lisp ( like Scheme ) uses lexical variable scope by default for both interpreted and compiled code.
Common Lisp is defined by a specification ( like Ada and C ) rather than by one implementation ( like Perl before version 6 ).
; CLOE: Common Lisp for PCs by Symbolics
; ExperCommon Lisp: an early implementation for the Apple Macintosh by ExperTelligence
; Golden Common Lisp: an implementation for the PC by GoldHill Inc.
; Procyon Common Lisp: an implementation for Windows and Mac OS, used by Franz for their Windows port of Allegro CL
* The Nature of Lisp Essay that examines Lisp by comparison with XML.
Dylan attempts to address potential performance issues by introducing " natural " limits to the full flexibility of Lisp systems, allowing the compiler to clearly understand compilable units ( i. e., libraries ).
Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors ( which this article will refer to collectively as " Emacs ").
For example: Emacs Lisp uses dynamic rather than lexical scope by default.
" Customize " works by writing Emacs Lisp code for the user, and is limited to relatively simple customizations.
Not every user needs the full degree of extensibility offered by Emacs ; those who do can write their own Emacs Lisp code.
However, prominent functional programming languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, ISLISP, Clojure, Racket, Erlang, OCaml, Haskell, Scala and F # have been used in industrial and commercial applications by a wide variety of organizations.
Kyoto Common Lisp ( KCL ) is an implementation of Common Lisp by T. Yuasa and M. Hagiya, written in C to run under Unix-like operating systems.
Austin Kyoto Common Lisp ( AKCL ) is a collection of ports, bug fixes, and performance improvements to KCL made by William Schelter.
Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today ; only Fortran is older ( by one year ).
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